Cardiology Essentials Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the right side of the heart?

  • To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation (correct)
  • To supply oxygenated blood to the body
  • To receive deoxygenated blood from the body
  • To regulate blood pressure within the pulmonary circulation

    • Which symptom is indicated by difficulty breathing while lying flat?

  • Nocturia
  • Cyanosis
  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea (correct)

    • What could edema in the ankles and feet indicate?

  • Fluid overload due to dehydration
  • Liver failure
  • Poor circulation from arterial disease
  • Hypervolemia (correct)

    • Which heart valve closes during the first heart sound (S1)?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of congenital heart disease?

    <p>Improper septal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from inflammation of all layers of the heart, impairing contraction and valve function?

    <p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle habit is NOT commonly associated with increased risk for cardiac issues?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of angina pectoris?

    <p>Pain on exertion relieved by rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of edema involves a depression that remains for 5-30 seconds after pressure is applied?

    <p>Pitting edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom that requires immediate assessment in a patient with chest pain?

    <p>Angina pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates non-cardiac chest pain from cardiac-related chest pain?

    <p>Type of associated symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates that edema is related to poor cardiac function?

    <p>Dependent edema in the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the OLD CART acronym used for during a chest pain assessment?

    <p>Assessing pain and its characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically lead to myocardial infarction?

    <p>Infrequent meal intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of pulmonary edema that indicates heart failure?

    <p>S3 gallop heart sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is often used for managing hypervolemia in patients with heart failure?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom indicates inadequate oxygen supply to the body in heart failure?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)?

    <p>Prolonged travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does jugular venous distension (JVD) indicate about a patient's condition?

    <p>Hypervolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Drain excess fluid from tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you classify the edema caused by a deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

    <p>Usually unilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for assessing jugular venous pressure (JVP)?

    <p>Inspecting the right internal jugular vein at a specific angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) indicate?

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment option that can lead to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?

    <p>Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Blood Flow

    • Right Side (Deoxygenated): Blood travels from the heart to the lungs

      • Superior Vena Cava (SVC) / Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
      • Right Atrium
      • Tricuspid Valve
      • Right Ventricle
      • Pulmonic Valve
      • Pulmonary Artery

    • Left Side (Oxygenated): Blood travels from the heart to the body

      • Pulmonary Vein
      • Left Atrium
      • Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
      • Left Ventricle
      • Aortic Valve
      • Aorta

    Heart Sounds

    • Aortic: Aortic Valve
    • Pulmonic: Pulmonic Valve (S2)
    • Tricuspid: Tricuspid Valve (S1)
    • Mitral: Mitral Valve (apex)

    Cardiac History

    • Chest Pain: Differentiate cardiac, respiratory, GI, musculoskeletal causes. Priority symptom.
    • Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats (skipped beats, palpitations)
    • Dyspnea: Shortness of breath; not just a lung problem.
    • Orthopnea: Trouble breathing lying down
    • Cough: Could indicate left-sided heart failure
    • Edema: Swelling in ankles/feet; hypervolemia.
    • Nocturia: Frequent urination at night.
    • Fatigue: Exhaustion.
    • Cyanosis/Pallor: Blue/pale skin; poor oxygenation.
    • Murmurs: Heart defects impacting pumping (reduced O2 supply).
    • Congenital Heart Defects
    • Rheumatic Fever: Heart valve damage from strep infection. Inflammation of all heart layers.
    • Hypertension
    • Hypercholesteremia: High cholesterol
    • Diabetes

    Lifestyle and Habits

    • Diet (Obesity)
    • Smoking
    • Alcohol
    • Exercise
    • Drug Use

    Family History

    • Hypertension
    • Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart attack; impaired blood flow (ischemia).
    • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
    • Hyperlipidemia
    • Diabetes Mellitus

    Chest Pain Etiology

    • Cardiac
    • Respiratory
    • Gastrointestinal (GI)
    • Musculoskeletal

    Chest Pain - Detailed Inquiry (OLD CART)

    • Onset: When did it start? Recurring? Nighttime?
    • Location: Exact description; does it radiate?
    • Duration: How long does it last?
    • Characteristic: Intensity (0-10), description (stabbing, pressure).
    • Aggravating Factors: Associated symptoms (nausea, sweating, lightheadedness)
    • Relieving Factors: Does rest relieve it? Medications?
    • Treatment: What has the patient taken?

    Edema

    • Assessment Questions: (Shoes, rings, eyelids)
    • Timing & location of swelling
    • Dependent Edema: Swelling in lower body parts (feet, legs, sacrum)
    • Causes: Cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), nutritional (low albumin), positional.
    • Pitting Edema Grading: Depth of indentation (1+ to 4+)

    Fluid Balance

    • Homeostasis: Intake = Output
    • Maintaining fluid balance (volume & composition) is crucial.

    Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia)

    • Poor heart function; body can't handle excess fluid.
    • Possible causes: Heart failure, pulmonary edema.
    • Impacts lab values (hematocrit, electrolytes).
    • Signs: S3 gallop (ventricular gallop), crackles in lungs, distended neck veins (JVD), dyspnea, orthopnea, increased respiratory rate, blood pressure
    • Treatment: Diuretics (loop, potassium-sparing, thiazide)

    Other Associated Symptoms of Hypervolemia

    • Fatigue
    • Cyanosis/Pallor
    • Nausea & Vomiting
    • Syncope
    • Diaphoresis

    Peripheral Vascular System

    • Veins: Carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood back to the heart
    • VTE (Venous Thromboembolism): Includes DVT (deep vein thrombosis) and PE (pulmonary embolism). Preventable in hospitalized patients.
      • Risk factors: Post-op, obesity, prolonged travel, surgery, trauma, pregnancy, medications, heparin.
    • VTE Prophylaxis: Compression stockings, early ambulation, vena cava filters, SCD's, anticoagulants
    • Edema due to DVT: Unilateral swelling of calf/ankle.
    • Lymphatic System: Drains excess fluid from tissues to venous system
    • Edema Prevention: Lymphatic system helps prevent fluid buildup.

    Cardiovascular (Physical Assessment)

    • Active Learning: Students interview/perform cardiac exams on partners.
    • Components: Face, neck vessels, precordium, heart sounds, peripheral edema, vital signs, pulse (6).
    • Jugular Venous Distension (JVD): Assesses volume status; reflects pressure in right atrium (or central venous pressure). The higher the distension, the greater the volume problem.
    • Position (supine, 30-45 degrees), locate internal jugular vein.
    • Causes of Increased JVD: Heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid stenosis, pericardial tamponade.

    Cardiovascular Exam - Inspection

    • Skin color, lips, mouth, conjunctiva
    • Eyes: Xanthelasma, orbital edema
    • Capillary refill
    • Clubbing of fingertips (low blood oxygen)
    • Neck veins (distention/pulsations)
    • Precordium (visible pulsations)
    • Apical Impulse Inspection

    Cardiovascular Exam - Palpation

    • Arterial Pulses: (bounding +4, strong 3+, normal +2, weak +1, thready +1)
    • PMI (Point of Maximal Impulse) Location: Left ventricular contraction
    • Displacement of the PMI suggests Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
    • Heart rate and rhythm
      • Sinus tachycardia (100-180 bpm)
      • Normal sinus rhythm (60-100 bpm)
      • Sinus bradycardia

    Cardiovascular Exam - Capillary Refill

    • Rapid refill (2 second or less) – normal; a slow refill suggests a compromised circulation in some location or cardiac/Respiratory diseases caused by hypoxia

    Cardiovascular Exam - Pulses

    • Radial
    • Brachial
    • Popliteal
    • Femoral
    • Dorsalis pedis
    • Posterior tibial

    Cardiovascular Exam - Neck

    • Palpate for thrills (buzzing)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential functions and symptoms related to the heart. This quiz covers topics such as heart valve operations, congenital heart disease, and related symptoms. Perfect for students studying cardiac health.

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