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Questions and Answers
What is the correct sequence of events during the cardiac cycle?
What is the correct sequence of events during the cardiac cycle?
- Diastole, systole, systole
- Diastole, systole, diastole
- Systole, systole, diastole
- Systole, diastole, systole (correct)
What is the normal peak pressure in the left ventricle during systole?
What is the normal peak pressure in the left ventricle during systole?
- 5 mm Hg
- Less than 5 mm Hg
- 120 mm Hg (correct)
- The text does not provide this information
What is the relationship between S3/S4 heart sounds and heart disease in adults over 40?
What is the relationship between S3/S4 heart sounds and heart disease in adults over 40?
- S3 and S4 are pathologic and correlate with heart failure and myocardial ischemia (correct)
- The text does not provide information about the relationship between S3/S4 and heart disease
- S3 and S4 are normal heart sounds in adults over 40
- S3 and S4 are not related to any heart disease in adults over 40
What is the cause of the S3 heart sound?
What is the cause of the S3 heart sound?
What is the cause of the S4 heart sound?
What is the cause of the S4 heart sound?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the aortic and pulmonic valves closed and the mitral and tricuspid valves open?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the aortic and pulmonic valves closed and the mitral and tricuspid valves open?
What is the purpose of atrial contraction during the cardiac cycle?
What is the purpose of atrial contraction during the cardiac cycle?
What is the significance of the splitting of the second heart sound (S2)?
What is the significance of the splitting of the second heart sound (S2)?
What is the main difference between the pressures in the right and left sides of the heart?
What is the main difference between the pressures in the right and left sides of the heart?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does atrial contraction occur?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does atrial contraction occur?
What is the purpose of the fourth heart sound (S4)?
What is the purpose of the fourth heart sound (S4)?
What event produces the second heart sound (S2)?
What event produces the second heart sound (S2)?
During diastole, what event allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
During diastole, what event allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
What is the cause of the third heart sound (S3) in children and young adults?
What is the cause of the third heart sound (S3) in children and young adults?
What does the presence of a fourth heart sound (S4) in older adults typically indicate?
What does the presence of a fourth heart sound (S4) in older adults typically indicate?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the mitral valve open?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the mitral valve open?
What event immediately precedes the first heart sound (S1) of the next cardiac cycle?
What event immediately precedes the first heart sound (S1) of the next cardiac cycle?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle
- The heart serves as a pump that generates varying pressures as its chambers contract and relax.
- Systole is the period of ventricular contraction, during which pressure in the left ventricle rises from less than 5 mm Hg to a normal peak of 120 mm Hg.
- Diastole is the period of ventricular relaxation, during which pressure in the left ventricle falls.
Valves and Blood Flow
- The aortic and pulmonic valves are closed, and the mitral and tricuspid valves are open during diastole.
- The aortic valve closes, producing the second heart sound, S2, and another diastole begins.
- The mitral valve opens, allowing blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, and may be audible as a pathologic opening snap (OS) if valve leaflet motion is restricted.
Heart Sounds
- S1 is the first heart sound, occurring during systole, and is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
- S2 is the second heart sound, occurring during diastole, and is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves.
- S3 is the third heart sound, occurring during early diastole, and is produced by rapid deceleration of the column of blood against the ventricular wall.
- S4 is the fourth heart sound, occurring during late diastole, and is produced by atrial contraction.
Pathologic Changes
- In most adults over 40 years, S3 and S4 are pathologic and are correlated with heart failure and acute myocardial ischemia.
- S3 may indicate a pathologic change in ventricular compliance, and is sometimes termed "an S3 gallop".
- S4 may also indicate a pathologic change in ventricular compliance.
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