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Questions and Answers
What does the SA node primarily regulate in the heart?
What does the SA node primarily regulate in the heart?
What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)?
What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)?
Which of the following conditions can an electrocardiogram help diagnose?
Which of the following conditions can an electrocardiogram help diagnose?
What is defined as an abnormal heart rhythm that can vary in severity?
What is defined as an abnormal heart rhythm that can vary in severity?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'sinus rhythm'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'sinus rhythm'?
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What problem can occur with a 'pulseless conduction' in the heart?
What problem can occur with a 'pulseless conduction' in the heart?
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Which component of the blood is primarily measured to assess oxygen-carrying capacity?
Which component of the blood is primarily measured to assess oxygen-carrying capacity?
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What could a 'too fast' heartbeat indicate?
What could a 'too fast' heartbeat indicate?
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What does inadequate red blood cell (RBC) levels in the blood result in?
What does inadequate red blood cell (RBC) levels in the blood result in?
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A patient with bradycardia has what kind of heart rate?
A patient with bradycardia has what kind of heart rate?
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What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?
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Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?
Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?
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What occurs when the right ventricle contracts?
What occurs when the right ventricle contracts?
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Which of the following valves is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Which of the following valves is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
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What type of blood do veins typically carry back to the heart?
What type of blood do veins typically carry back to the heart?
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What is the function of valves in the cardiovascular system?
What is the function of valves in the cardiovascular system?
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Which valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
Which valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
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What is the role of oxygenated blood in the circulatory system?
What is the role of oxygenated blood in the circulatory system?
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What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
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How does oxygenated blood reach the left atrium?
How does oxygenated blood reach the left atrium?
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What happens when the left ventricle is full?
What happens when the left ventricle is full?
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Which structure prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium?
Which structure prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium?
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What role does the aortic valve play in circulation?
What role does the aortic valve play in circulation?
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What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system?
What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system?
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What is a common symptom of anemia?
What is a common symptom of anemia?
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What is the normal range for hemoglobin levels in adult females?
What is the normal range for hemoglobin levels in adult females?
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Which of the following structures receives blood from the body before it enters the right atrium?
Which of the following structures receives blood from the body before it enters the right atrium?
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What happens during the relaxation of the left ventricle?
What happens during the relaxation of the left ventricle?
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What type of anemia is characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells?
What type of anemia is characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells?
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What is the primary concern with anemia affecting the heart?
What is the primary concern with anemia affecting the heart?
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Which ethnicity has a predominant occurrence of sickle cell anemia?
Which ethnicity has a predominant occurrence of sickle cell anemia?
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What is the only cure for sickle cell anemia?
What is the only cure for sickle cell anemia?
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Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with sickle cell anemia?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with sickle cell anemia?
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What can untreated sickle cell anemia lead to?
What can untreated sickle cell anemia lead to?
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What treatment is commonly used during a sickle cell crisis?
What treatment is commonly used during a sickle cell crisis?
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What hemoglobin level is considered normal for adult males?
What hemoglobin level is considered normal for adult males?
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What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
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What occurs during the depolarization phase of the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during the depolarization phase of the cardiac cycle?
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Where are the Purkinje fibers located?
Where are the Purkinje fibers located?
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What structure acts as a bridge between the atria and ventricles for electrical signals?
What structure acts as a bridge between the atria and ventricles for electrical signals?
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What happens to the inner space of the heart chambers during repolarization?
What happens to the inner space of the heart chambers during repolarization?
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Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
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What is the primary function of the Bundle of His?
What is the primary function of the Bundle of His?
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What initiates the sinus rhythm in the heart?
What initiates the sinus rhythm in the heart?
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What role does the aortic valve play in heart function?
What role does the aortic valve play in heart function?
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Which sequence correctly describes the flow of electrical impulses through the heart?
Which sequence correctly describes the flow of electrical impulses through the heart?
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Study Notes
Sinus Rhythm
- Normal heart rhythm set by the SA node, the natural pacemaker of the heart.
- Recorded on EKG/ECG strip.
Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
- Records the electrical activity of the heart.
- Uses small electrode patches attached to the chest, arms, and legs.
- Detects heart rate, rhythm, and assesses the electrical current of the heart.
Arrhythmia
- Abnormal heart rhythms.
- The heart beats irregularly.
- Can be mild to life-threatening.
- Affects the heart beat speed: too fast or too slow.
Anemia
- Inadequate number of red blood cells, hemoglobin or hematocrit.
- Chronic condition.
- Symptoms: pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, and rapid heart rate.
Normal Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Levels
- Adult male: 14-18 g/dl for Hemoglobin and 39-52% for Hematocrit.
- Adult female: 12-16 g/dl for Hemoglobin and 36-47% for Hematocrit.
Anemic Patient's Heart
- Pumps harder to compensate for lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to a rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).
- Can cause heart failure.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Chronic, inherited anemia.
- Produces abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells carrying less oxygen, breaking easily and blocking blood vessels.
Sickle Cell Cure
- Stem cell transplantation and bone marrow.
Sickle Cell Anemia Symptoms
- Jaundice, fatigue due to anemia, painful swelling of hands and feet.
Sickle Cell Anemia Ethnicity
- Occurs predominantly among African Americans.
Sickle Cell Anemia Treatment
- Regular blood transfusions of packed red blood cells and supportive therapy during crisis.
Valves
- Keep blood flowing in the right direction.
Tricuspid Valve
- Located between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Closes when the right ventricle contracts, allowing blood flow to the lungs and preventing backflow into the right atrium.
Pulmonary Valve
- Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
- Closes after the right ventricle contracts, preventing blood backflow into the right ventricle.
Blood Flow: Left Side
- Oxygen-rich blood travels from lungs to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
- Mitral valve opens to send blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
- After the left ventricle fills, it squeezes, closing the mitral valve and opening the aortic valve.
- Blood is sent through the aortic valve to the aorta, flowing to the rest of the body.
Right Side of the Heart
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Valve
- Pulmonary Artery
Left Side of the Heart
- Pulmonary Artery
- Left Atrium
- Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Aortic Valve
- Aorta
Cardiac Heartbeat Cycle
- The heart contracts and relaxes normally in a predictable sequence called Sinus Rhythm.
Repolarization
- When the heart relaxes, chambers expand, allowing blood inflow.
Depolarization
- When the heart contracts, chambers narrow, pushing blood out of the heart into the rest of the body.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
- Group of nerve cells in the right atrium.
- "Pacemaker" of the heart.
- Origin of the nerve impulse.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
- Group of nerve cells between the atria and ventricles.
Bundle of His
- Nerve fibers in the septum, traveling downward from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers.
- Consists of two branches: left and right.
Purkinje Fibers
- Located in the ventricles, receiving the impulse from the bundle of His.
- Last stop for the electrical impulse.
Conduction System
- Delivers the electrical signal to enable the heart's pumping mechanism.
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Description
This quiz covers essential cardiology concepts including sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, and the impact of anemia on heart function. It explores how the EKG/ECG records heart activity and the implications of abnormal blood conditions. Test your understanding of heart health and its relationship with blood parameters.
