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What does the SA node primarily regulate in the heart?
What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)?
Which of the following conditions can an electrocardiogram help diagnose?
What is defined as an abnormal heart rhythm that can vary in severity?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'sinus rhythm'?
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What problem can occur with a 'pulseless conduction' in the heart?
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Which component of the blood is primarily measured to assess oxygen-carrying capacity?
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What could a 'too fast' heartbeat indicate?
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What does inadequate red blood cell (RBC) levels in the blood result in?
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A patient with bradycardia has what kind of heart rate?
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What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?
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Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?
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What occurs when the right ventricle contracts?
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Which of the following valves is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
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What type of blood do veins typically carry back to the heart?
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What is the function of valves in the cardiovascular system?
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Which valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
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What is the role of oxygenated blood in the circulatory system?
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What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
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How does oxygenated blood reach the left atrium?
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What happens when the left ventricle is full?
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Which structure prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium?
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What role does the aortic valve play in circulation?
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What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system?
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What is a common symptom of anemia?
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What is the normal range for hemoglobin levels in adult females?
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Which of the following structures receives blood from the body before it enters the right atrium?
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What happens during the relaxation of the left ventricle?
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What type of anemia is characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells?
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What is the primary concern with anemia affecting the heart?
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Which ethnicity has a predominant occurrence of sickle cell anemia?
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What is the only cure for sickle cell anemia?
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Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with sickle cell anemia?
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What can untreated sickle cell anemia lead to?
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What treatment is commonly used during a sickle cell crisis?
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What hemoglobin level is considered normal for adult males?
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What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
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What occurs during the depolarization phase of the cardiac cycle?
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Where are the Purkinje fibers located?
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What structure acts as a bridge between the atria and ventricles for electrical signals?
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What happens to the inner space of the heart chambers during repolarization?
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Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
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What is the primary function of the Bundle of His?
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What initiates the sinus rhythm in the heart?
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What role does the aortic valve play in heart function?
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Which sequence correctly describes the flow of electrical impulses through the heart?
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Study Notes
Sinus Rhythm
- Normal heart rhythm set by the SA node, the natural pacemaker of the heart.
- Recorded on EKG/ECG strip.
Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
- Records the electrical activity of the heart.
- Uses small electrode patches attached to the chest, arms, and legs.
- Detects heart rate, rhythm, and assesses the electrical current of the heart.
Arrhythmia
- Abnormal heart rhythms.
- The heart beats irregularly.
- Can be mild to life-threatening.
- Affects the heart beat speed: too fast or too slow.
Anemia
- Inadequate number of red blood cells, hemoglobin or hematocrit.
- Chronic condition.
- Symptoms: pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, and rapid heart rate.
Normal Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Levels
- Adult male: 14-18 g/dl for Hemoglobin and 39-52% for Hematocrit.
- Adult female: 12-16 g/dl for Hemoglobin and 36-47% for Hematocrit.
Anemic Patient's Heart
- Pumps harder to compensate for lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to a rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).
- Can cause heart failure.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Chronic, inherited anemia.
- Produces abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells carrying less oxygen, breaking easily and blocking blood vessels.
Sickle Cell Cure
- Stem cell transplantation and bone marrow.
Sickle Cell Anemia Symptoms
- Jaundice, fatigue due to anemia, painful swelling of hands and feet.
Sickle Cell Anemia Ethnicity
- Occurs predominantly among African Americans.
Sickle Cell Anemia Treatment
- Regular blood transfusions of packed red blood cells and supportive therapy during crisis.
Valves
- Keep blood flowing in the right direction.
Tricuspid Valve
- Located between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Closes when the right ventricle contracts, allowing blood flow to the lungs and preventing backflow into the right atrium.
Pulmonary Valve
- Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
- Closes after the right ventricle contracts, preventing blood backflow into the right ventricle.
Blood Flow: Left Side
- Oxygen-rich blood travels from lungs to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
- Mitral valve opens to send blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
- After the left ventricle fills, it squeezes, closing the mitral valve and opening the aortic valve.
- Blood is sent through the aortic valve to the aorta, flowing to the rest of the body.
Right Side of the Heart
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Valve
- Pulmonary Artery
Left Side of the Heart
- Pulmonary Artery
- Left Atrium
- Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Aortic Valve
- Aorta
Cardiac Heartbeat Cycle
- The heart contracts and relaxes normally in a predictable sequence called Sinus Rhythm.
Repolarization
- When the heart relaxes, chambers expand, allowing blood inflow.
Depolarization
- When the heart contracts, chambers narrow, pushing blood out of the heart into the rest of the body.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
- Group of nerve cells in the right atrium.
- "Pacemaker" of the heart.
- Origin of the nerve impulse.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
- Group of nerve cells between the atria and ventricles.
Bundle of His
- Nerve fibers in the septum, traveling downward from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers.
- Consists of two branches: left and right.
Purkinje Fibers
- Located in the ventricles, receiving the impulse from the bundle of His.
- Last stop for the electrical impulse.
Conduction System
- Delivers the electrical signal to enable the heart's pumping mechanism.
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Description
This quiz covers essential cardiology concepts including sinus rhythm, arrhythmias, and the impact of anemia on heart function. It explores how the EKG/ECG records heart activity and the implications of abnormal blood conditions. Test your understanding of heart health and its relationship with blood parameters.
