Cardiac Symptoms and Chest Pain
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of chest pain?

  • A discomfort or distress felt in the chest, typically behind the sternum (correct)
  • A sharp, stabbing sensation in the arm
  • A sensation of numbness in the leg
  • A dull ache or pressure in the abdomen

    • What is a possible cause of unstable angina?

  • Progression of coronary arteries
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Occlusion of a coronary artery (correct)
  • Atherosclerosis

    • What is myocarditis?

  • Malfunctioning heart valves
  • Inflammation of the pericardium
  • Inflammatory response in heart muscle (correct)
  • Inflammation of heart valves

    • What is a common symptom of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pericarditis?

    <p>Inflammation of the pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of valvular heart disease?

    <p>Malfunctioning heart valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of stable angina?

    <p>Predictable pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cyanosis?

    <p>A symptom of cardiac issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can induce cardiac pain?

    <p>Emotional stress or physical exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often accompanied by cardiac pain?

    <p>Shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may respond to nitroglycerin?

    <p>Cardiac pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dyspnea?

    <p>A symptom of difficult or labored breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acute-onset dyspnea?

    <p>Sudden and severe shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause exertional dyspnea?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nocturnal dyspnea?

    <p>Shortness of breath that occurs at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be relieved by rest or positional changes?

    <p>Non-cardiac pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>Episodes of rapid heart rate originating above the heart's ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cardiomyopathy?

    <p>A disease affecting the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Palpitations?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Palpitations?

    <p>A sensation of the heart beating rapidly or irregularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Edema?

    <p>An accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Cardiac Edema?

    <p>It occurs in the dependent parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause Edema?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Palpitations?

    <p>Any of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cardiac syncope?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing, leading to syncope?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular cause of syncope?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the physical examination in the evaluation of syncope?

    <p>Cardiac assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for syncope triggered by emotional stress, pain, or prolonged standing?

    <p>Vasovagal syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for syncope?

    <p>Address the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a diagnostic test used in the evaluation of syncope?

    <p>Electrocardiography (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common condition that syncope can mimic?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)?

    <p>Sudden onset of severe nocturnal dyspnea, usually accompanied by coughing and wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)?

    <p>Congestive heart failure, particularly left-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Orthopnea?

    <p>Difficulty breathing when lying down flat, relieved by sitting up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Dyspnea?

    <p>Heart Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Palpitations?

    <p>The perception of an abnormal or irregular heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Palpitations?

    <p>Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cardiovascular cause of Dyspnea?

    <p>Heart Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pulmonary cause of Dyspnea?

    <p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiac Symptoms

    • Cardiac symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, fatigue, and dizziness.
    • These symptoms may vary based on the specific cardiac condition.

    Chest Pain

    • Definition: Chest pain is a discomfort or distress felt in the chest, typically behind the sternum (breastbone).
    • Range: Can range from a sharp, stabbing sensation to a dull ache or pressure.
    • Causes: Cardiac causes include coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (heart attack), myocarditis, pericarditis, and valvular heart disease.
    • Non-cardiac causes include recent trauma, respiratory infections, and meals.

    Dyspnea

    • Definition: Dyspnea refers to the subjective sensation of difficult or labored breathing.
    • Types: Acute-onset dyspnea, exertional dyspnea, nocturnal dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), and orthopnea.
    • Causes: Cardiac causes include heart failure, coronary artery disease, and valvular heart disease. Pulmonary causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung disease. Other respiratory causes include pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and pneumothorax. Metabolic and systemic causes include anemia, obesity, and thyroid disorders. Psychogenic causes include anxiety and panic disorders.

    Palpitations

    • Definition: Palpitations refer to the perception of an abnormal or irregular heartbeat.
    • Causes: Cardiac arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation (AFib), supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Structural heart issues include valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Hormonal and metabolic causes include thyroid disorders and adrenaline surges. Electrolyte imbalances include low potassium or magnesium levels. Medications and substances that can cause palpitations include stimulants, decongestants, and caffeine. Lifestyle factors include alcohol and drug use, and lack of sleep.

    Edema

    • Definition: Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues, leading to swelling.
    • Characteristics of cardiac edema: Dependant, pitting, bilateral, and almost always precedes the appearance of ascites.
    • Causes: Heart conditions include heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and nephrotic syndrome. Respiratory causes include pneumonia, COPD, and asthma. Cardiovascular causes include congenital heart defects, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. Blood disorders include anemia and methemoglobinemia. Other causes include cold exposure, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), obstructive sleep apnea, and neurological causes such as central nervous system depression and brainstem dysfunction.

    Syncope

    • Definition: Syncope refers to a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone resulting from cerebral hypoperfusion.
    • Etiology: Cardiac syncope, neurocardiogenic syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and reflex syncope.
    • Differential Diagnosis: Syncope can mimic other conditions, including seizures, metabolic disturbances, and psychiatric disorders.
    • Evaluation: Detailed history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiography (ECG), Holter monitoring, echocardiography, and tilt-table testing may be indicated.
    • Management: Treatment aims to address the underlying cause, which may include medication adjustments, pacemaker implantation, or surgical interventions.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the identification of chest pain causes, emergency causes, and types of dyspnea. It also includes the definition of syncope and its causes, in the context of cardiac symptoms.

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