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Questions and Answers
The heart is regulated by intrinsic and ______ control mechanisms.
The heart is regulated by intrinsic and ______ control mechanisms.
extrinsic
Extrinsic control is the control exerted by something ______ of the heart.
Extrinsic control is the control exerted by something ______ of the heart.
outside
The sympathetic nervous system speeds the heart ______.
The sympathetic nervous system speeds the heart ______.
up
Sympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the ______ accelerator nerves.
Sympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the ______ accelerator nerves.
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The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart ______.
The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart ______.
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Parasympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the ______ nerve.
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the ______ nerve.
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The ______ nervous system increases heart rate by depolarizing the pacemaker cells of the SA node.
The ______ nervous system increases heart rate by depolarizing the pacemaker cells of the SA node.
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The ______ nervous system slows the heart rate by hyperpolarizing the pacemaker cells of the SA node.
The ______ nervous system slows the heart rate by hyperpolarizing the pacemaker cells of the SA node.
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The heart rate increases when the heart is exposed to ______, a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla.
The heart rate increases when the heart is exposed to ______, a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla.
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An '______ rush' experienced while riding a rollercoaster results in a faster heart rate.
An '______ rush' experienced while riding a rollercoaster results in a faster heart rate.
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______ serves much the same purpose as the sympathetic nervous system and speeds up the heart's rate of contraction.
______ serves much the same purpose as the sympathetic nervous system and speeds up the heart's rate of contraction.
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Heart rate is exclusively regulated via ______ mechanisms.
Heart rate is exclusively regulated via ______ mechanisms.
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Epinephrine and ______ are two catecholamines.
Epinephrine and ______ are two catecholamines.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to ______ adrenergic receptors in the heart.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to ______ adrenergic receptors in the heart.
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Binding to beta-1 adrenergic receptors increases ______, which enhances the presence of Ca2+ and increases contractility.
Binding to beta-1 adrenergic receptors increases ______, which enhances the presence of Ca2+ and increases contractility.
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Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
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As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work ______ to get the same amount of blood out.
As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work ______ to get the same amount of blood out.
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Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
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As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work ______ to get the same amount of blood out.
As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work ______ to get the same amount of blood out.
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To demonstrate the idea of afterload, think about someone pushing a ______ up a steep hill.
To demonstrate the idea of afterload, think about someone pushing a ______ up a steep hill.
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Hypertension is so dangerous because it makes the heart pump ______ to get the same volume of blood to the rest of the body.
Hypertension is so dangerous because it makes the heart pump ______ to get the same volume of blood to the rest of the body.
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Afterload, therefore, increases as ______ (MAP) increases.
Afterload, therefore, increases as ______ (MAP) increases.
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Stroke volume depends not only on the force-generating capacity of the ventricles, but also on the ______ that it has to work against.
Stroke volume depends not only on the force-generating capacity of the ventricles, but also on the ______ that it has to work against.
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Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
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Increased contractility refers to the increased force generated for any given end ______ volume.
Increased contractility refers to the increased force generated for any given end ______ volume.
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Sympathetic innervation and circulating ______ can increase ventricular contractility without changing end diastolic volume.
Sympathetic innervation and circulating ______ can increase ventricular contractility without changing end diastolic volume.
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As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work ______ to get the same amount of blood out.
As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work ______ to get the same amount of blood out.
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An '______ rush' experienced while riding a rollercoaster results in a faster heart rate.
An '______ rush' experienced while riding a rollercoaster results in a faster heart rate.
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Increased atrial pressure will result in an increased atrial contractility, which will then cause an increase in ventricular ______.
Increased atrial pressure will result in an increased atrial contractility, which will then cause an increase in ventricular ______.
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Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to ______ blood from the heart.
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An increase in ______ pressure increases the afterload on the ventricles.
An increase in ______ pressure increases the afterload on the ventricles.
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Factors that decrease ______ decrease the afterload on the ventricles.
Factors that decrease ______ decrease the afterload on the ventricles.
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Increased ______ increases the afterload on the ventricles.
Increased ______ increases the afterload on the ventricles.
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Decreased ______ compliance increases the afterload on the ventricles.
Decreased ______ compliance increases the afterload on the ventricles.
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The ______ nervous system increases afterload by causing vasoconstriction.
The ______ nervous system increases afterload by causing vasoconstriction.
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Study Notes
Heart Regulation
- The heart is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic control mechanisms.
- Extrinsic control is the control exerted by something outside of the heart.
- The sympathetic nervous system speeds the heart up.
- Sympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the cardiac accelerator nerves.
- The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart down.
- Parasympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the vagus nerve.
- The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by depolarizing the pacemaker cells of the SA node.
- The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate by hyperpolarizing the pacemaker cells of the SA node.
- The heart rate increases when the heart is exposed to epinephrine, a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla.
- An "adrenaline rush" experienced while riding a rollercoaster results in a faster heart rate.
- Epinephrine serves much the same purpose as the sympathetic nervous system and speeds up the heart's rate of contraction.
- Heart rate is exclusively regulated via extrinsic mechanisms.
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are two catecholamines.
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.
- Binding to beta-1 adrenergic receptors increases contractility, which enhances the presence of Ca2+ and increases contractility.
Afterload
- Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to eject blood from the heart.
- As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work harder to get the same amount of blood out.
- To demonstrate the idea of afterload, think about someone pushing a cart up a steep hill.
- Hypertension is so dangerous because it makes the heart pump harder to get the same volume of blood to the rest of the body.
- Afterload, therefore, increases as mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases.
- Stroke volume depends not only on the force-generating capacity of the ventricles, but also on the afterload that it has to work against.
- Increased contractility refers to the increased force generated for any given end diastolic volume.
- Sympathetic innervation and circulating catecholamines can increase ventricular contractility without changing end diastolic volume.
- As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, the heart has to work harder to get the same amount of blood out.
- An "adrenaline rush" experienced while riding a rollercoaster results in a faster heart rate.
- Increased atrial pressure will result in an increased atrial contractility, which will then cause an increase in ventricular stroke volume.
- An increase in arterial pressure increases the afterload on the ventricles.
- Factors that decrease vascular resistance decrease the afterload on the ventricles.
- Increased blood viscosity increases the afterload on the ventricles.
- Decreased vascular compliance increases the afterload on the ventricles.
- The sympathetic nervous system increases afterload by causing vasoconstriction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the regulation of cardiac function, including the effects of catecholamines, second messengers like cAMP, crossbridge cycling, end-diastolic volume, afterload pressure, and stroke volume determination. Challenge yourself with questions on how these factors influence heart contractility and blood expulsion.
