Cardiac Cycle: Phases and Pressure Changes

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all valves closed?

What is the characteristic sound heard at the end of the second heart sound?

In aortic stenosis, why does the left ventricle have to generate more pressure?

What does the U wave on an ECG indicate?

Which phase of the cardiac cycle sees a marked increase in ventricular volume?

Why does a jet of blood radiate to the carotid arteries in aortic stenosis?

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves close and the semilunar valves open?

Which event occurs during the isometric relaxation phase?

What is the approximate duration of the whole cardiac cycle when the heart rate is 75 beats per minute?

During which phase does ventricular filling occur?

Which heart sound is associated with the isometric contraction phase?

What happens to atrial pressure during the atrial systolic phase?

What happens during the isometric (isovolumic) contraction phase?

During which phase does the ventricular pressure markedly increase and become greater than the aortic pressure?

What happens to the aortic pressure during the slow (reduced) ejection phase?

When do the semilunar valves close during the cardiac cycle?

Which phase is characterized by a sharp decrease in aortic pressure followed by an increase (diacrotic notch)?

During which phase does the atrial pressure become greater than the ventricular pressure?