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Questions and Answers
Which structure transmits the action potential with a 0.1 second delay, allowing full atrial contraction?
Which structure transmits the action potential with a 0.1 second delay, allowing full atrial contraction?
In the sequence of events during the cardiac cycle, where does the action potential pass through after the AV node?
In the sequence of events during the cardiac cycle, where does the action potential pass through after the AV node?
What is the name of the extensive network that spreads through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upwards?
What is the name of the extensive network that spreads through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upwards?
Which of the following structures is responsible for generating the action potential in the right atrium?
Which of the following structures is responsible for generating the action potential in the right atrium?
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What is the function of the AV bundle (bundle of HIS) in the transmission of the action potential?
What is the function of the AV bundle (bundle of HIS) in the transmission of the action potential?
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Which part of the heart completes depolarization after being innervated by the Purkinje fibers?
Which part of the heart completes depolarization after being innervated by the Purkinje fibers?
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What comprises the diastole of the cardiac cycle?
What comprises the diastole of the cardiac cycle?
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What is the effect of sympathetic input on the heart rate?
What is the effect of sympathetic input on the heart rate?
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Which hormones and ions can increase the heart rate?
Which hormones and ions can increase the heart rate?
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What is the primary determinant of arterial blood pressure?
What is the primary determinant of arterial blood pressure?
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What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
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What does an inotrope affect in relation to the heart?
What does an inotrope affect in relation to the heart?
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What is the main determinant of arterial blood pressure?
What is the main determinant of arterial blood pressure?
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What factor influences vascular resistance (R) the most?
What factor influences vascular resistance (R) the most?
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In the pulmonary circulation, which chamber generates less force compared to the systemic circulation?
In the pulmonary circulation, which chamber generates less force compared to the systemic circulation?
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Which part of the brain controls both heart rate and blood pressure?
Which part of the brain controls both heart rate and blood pressure?
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What is the normal range of ejection fraction, a measure of cardiac function?
What is the normal range of ejection fraction, a measure of cardiac function?
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Which wave in an ECG represents atrial depolarization?
Which wave in an ECG represents atrial depolarization?
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What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?
What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?
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What does the T-Q segment in an ECG represent?
What does the T-Q segment in an ECG represent?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle
- The AV node transmits the action potential with a 0.1 second delay, allowing full atrial contraction.
- After the AV node, the action potential passes through the AV bundle (Bundle of His).
Electrical Conduction System
- The Purkinje fibers innervate the ventricular myocardium, allowing it to depolarize.
- The extensive network that spreads through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upwards is called the Purkinje fibers.
- The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for generating the action potential in the right atrium.
Transmission of Action Potential
- The AV bundle (Bundle of His) transmits the action potential from the AV node to the ventricular myocardium.
Cardiac Function
- Diastole is the period of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle relaxes.
- Sympathetic input increases the heart rate.
- Hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, and ions such as calcium, increase the heart rate.
- Cardiac output (CO) is calculated using the formula CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume.
- An inotrope affects the contractility of the heart.
Blood Pressure Regulation
- The primary determinant of arterial blood pressure is peripheral resistance.
- The main determinant of arterial blood pressure is total peripheral resistance.
- Vascular resistance (R) is most influenced by the Diameter of blood vessels.
- The brain stem, specifically the medulla oblongata, controls both heart rate and blood pressure.
Pulmonary Circulation
- The right ventricle generates less force compared to the left ventricle in the systemic circulation.
ECG
- The P wave in an ECG represents atrial depolarization.
- The QRS complex in an ECG represents ventricular depolarization.
- The T-Q segment in an ECG represents ventricular repolarization.
- The normal range of ejection fraction, a measure of cardiac function, is 55-70%.
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Description
This quiz covers the electrical and mechanical events of the cardiac cycle, including factors affecting cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also includes a simple ECG trace explanation. Ideal for students studying the cardiac cycle and related topics.
