Carcinogenesis and Cancer Causes

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What is the primary event in chemical carcinogenesis?

Viral oncogenesis

Promotion

Cocarcinogenesis

Initiation (correct)

What is the role of a promoter in chemical carcinogenesis?

A promoter is responsible for tumor suppression

A promoter is responsible for initiation

A promoter enhances the carcinogenic process (correct)

A promoter is a carcinogenic agent itself

What is the outcome of clonal expansion of initiated cells?

Apoptosis

Immune response

Tumor suppression

Accumulation of additional mutations (correct)

What is the common characteristic of DNA viruses in viral carcinogenesis?

They integrate viral DNA into host genomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which viral genomic RNA sequences are transcribed into DNA in RNA viruses?

Action of viral reverse transcriptase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that favors viral oncogenesis?

Immunosuppression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is HTLV-1?

RNA virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is strongly associated with high-risk HPV types 16 and 18?

Cervical carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of UV light exposure on the skin?

It causes skin cancers (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with HPV?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between Kaposi sarcoma and AIDS?

There is a strong association between sexually acquired AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is associated with a variety of cancers?

Ionizing radiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transforming normal cells to neoplastic cells by causing permanent genetic alterations?

Carcinogenesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is associated with the parasite Schistosoma haematobium?

Bladder cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate site of action of all carcinogens?

DNA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of carcinogen requires metabolic conversion into active ultimate carcinogens?

Indirect-reacting carcinogen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of melanin in skin cancer?

It protects against the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet sunlight (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer?

Obesity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an environmental agent that participates in the causation of tumors?

Carcinogen (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cumulative mutational events?

Clonal proliferations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is associated with the consumption of red or processed meat?

Colorectal cancer (D) Signup and view all the answers

What genes are associated with an increased predisposition to breast cancer?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many carcinogens are necessary for the complete neoplastic transformation of a cell?

More than one (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of adenomatous polyposis coli?

Autosomal dominant (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a premalignant lesion of the cervix?

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in adenomatous polyposis coli?

Almost 100% (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which chromosome is the APC gene located?

Chromosome 5 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of transplacental exposure to diethylstilbestrol?

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in the child (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer is at least 200 times more common in women than in men?

Breast cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers