29 Questions
What is the primary event in chemical carcinogenesis?
Initiation
What is the role of a promoter in chemical carcinogenesis?
A promoter enhances the carcinogenic process
What is the outcome of clonal expansion of initiated cells?
Accumulation of additional mutations
What is the common characteristic of DNA viruses in viral carcinogenesis?
They integrate viral DNA into host genomes
What is the process by which viral genomic RNA sequences are transcribed into DNA in RNA viruses?
Action of viral reverse transcriptase
What is the condition that favors viral oncogenesis?
Immunosuppression
What type of virus is HTLV-1?
RNA virus
Which type of cancer is strongly associated with high-risk HPV types 16 and 18?
Cervical carcinoma
What is the effect of UV light exposure on the skin?
It causes skin cancers
Which of the following is NOT associated with HPV?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
What is the association between Kaposi sarcoma and AIDS?
There is a strong association between sexually acquired AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma
Which type of radiation is associated with a variety of cancers?
Ionizing radiation
What is the process of transforming normal cells to neoplastic cells by causing permanent genetic alterations?
Carcinogenesis
What type of cancer is associated with the parasite Schistosoma haematobium?
Bladder cancer
What is the ultimate site of action of all carcinogens?
DNA
What type of carcinogen requires metabolic conversion into active ultimate carcinogens?
Indirect-reacting carcinogen
What is the role of melanin in skin cancer?
It protects against the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet sunlight
What is a risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer?
Obesity
What is an environmental agent that participates in the causation of tumors?
Carcinogen
What is the result of cumulative mutational events?
Clonal proliferations
What type of cancer is associated with the consumption of red or processed meat?
Colorectal cancer
What genes are associated with an increased predisposition to breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
How many carcinogens are necessary for the complete neoplastic transformation of a cell?
More than one
What is the inheritance pattern of adenomatous polyposis coli?
Autosomal dominant
Which of the following is a premalignant lesion of the cervix?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
What is the risk of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in adenomatous polyposis coli?
Almost 100%
In which chromosome is the APC gene located?
Chromosome 5
What is the result of transplacental exposure to diethylstilbestrol?
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in the child
Which cancer is at least 200 times more common in women than in men?
Breast cancer
Test your knowledge on carcinogenesis, including the role of chemicals, viruses, radiant energy, hormones, mycotoxins, and parasites in cancer development. Assess your understanding of host factors and their correlation with carcinogenesis.
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