Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct way to determine if a compound is an aldehyde or a ketone?

Evaluate the compound based on its boiling point.

Treat the compound with a mild oxidizing agent. (correct)

Use infrared spectroscopy to analyze the compound.

Treat the compound with a strong oxidizing agent.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the IUPAC nomenclature for ketones?

The carbon chain is numbered to prioritize the ketone group. (correct)

The parent chain length is irrelevant in naming ketones.

The suffix -ane is added to the parent chain.

Ketones rank above aldehydes in nomenclature priority.

Which reaction is most commonly used for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

Reduction with sodium borohydride (correct)

Ozonolysis

Friedel-Crafts acylation

Hydration of alkynes

What is the primary product when an aldehyde is oxidized?

A carboxylic acid Signup and view all the answers

What visual evidence indicates a successful reaction using Tollens' reagent?

A mirror-like silver deposit Signup and view all the answers

Which compound can be obtained from the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction?

A ketone Signup and view all the answers

What type of alcohol do ketones get reduced to?

Secondary alcohols Signup and view all the answers

In the IUPAC system, what is the primary suffix used for naming ketones?

-one Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the difference between aldehydes and ketones?

Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketones have it in the middle. Signup and view all the answers

In IUPAC nomenclature, how is the terminal aldehyde group designated?

By replacing the -oic acid ending with -al. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for naming branched aldehydes according to IUPAC rules?

Use the prefix for the alkyl groups and end with -al. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how aromatic aldehydes are named?

They are designated as derivatives of benzaldehyde. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Greek letter in the nomenclature of carbonyl compounds?

It denotes the position of substituents relative to the carbonyl carbon. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the common naming convention for ketones?

List all alkyl substituents, alphabetically, then add the word ketone. Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of the carbonyl group affect the priority of functional groups in naming?

Carbonyl groups take precedence over functional groups like -OH when determining the suffix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the naming convention for cyclic carbonyl compounds?

Name the ring and add the suffix -carbaldehyde to indicate the carbonyl presence. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbonyl Compounds

Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O).
The carbonyl carbon has two remaining bonds occupied by hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl substituents.
Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen substituent (RCHO or RCH=O).
Ketones have no hydrogen substituents (RCOR`).

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named using common names derived from the corresponding carboxylic acid.
The ‘oic acid’ ending is replaced with ‘aldehyde’.
The aldehyde group is always terminal.
Substituent locations are indicated using Greek letters (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ω) starting from the α-carbon (next to the carbonyl carbon).
Aromatic aldehydes are often named as derivatives of benzaldehyde.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

The longest continuous carbon chain containing the C=O group is identified.
The ending -e is replaced with -al.
The CHO group is assigned the number “1” position, taking precedence over other functional groups.
If CHO is bonded to a ring, the ring is named, and the suffix -carbaldehyde is added.

Ketones

Ketones are named using common names by listing alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group alphabetically followed by "ketone".
Substituent positions are indicated using Greek letters starting from the α-carbon.
IUPAC names are derived by finding the longest chain containing the carbonyl group.
The -e ending of the parent alkane is changed to -one.
The carbonyl carbon receives the lower number.
Ketone groups are named as 'oxo' substituents in aldehydes.

Preparation of Aldehydes

Aldehydes can be prepared through various methods, including oxidation of primary alcohols, reduction of acid chlorides, and ozonolysis of alkenes.

Preparation of Ketones

Ketones can be prepared through various methods, including hydration of alkynes, oxidation of secondary alcohols, and Friedel-Crafts acylation.

Reactions of Aldehydes

Aldehydes undergo oxidation to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate.
Tollens' reagent can be used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones.
Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols using reducing agents like sodium borohydride.

Reactions of Ketones

Ketones resist oxidation by most oxidizing agents.
Ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols using reducing agents like sodium borohydride.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts related to carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones. It delves into their structures, naming conventions, and differences in their functional groups. Test your knowledge on the IUPAC nomenclature and the properties of these important chemical compounds.