Aldehydes and Ketones Chapter 8

RCHO for aldehydes and RCOR’ for ketones

In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is attached to an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom, while in ketones, it is attached to two alkyl groups.

The common names of aldehydes are derived from the names of corresponding carboxylic acids by replacing –ic acid with –aldehyde.

<p>Nucleophilic addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to their structural difference, aldehydes are more easily oxidized than ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The carbonyl group (C = O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acyl group, R – C = O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>R-O-R</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used as preservatives and flavorants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used as a chelating agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A symmetrical ether has identical alkyl groups, while an unsymmetrical ether has different alkyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>R-O-R'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IUPAC prefix name is the parent chain-alkane, and it is determined by the longer alkyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each alkyl group on each side of the oxygen is numbered separately, with priority given to the carbon closest to the oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used as a fuel additive in motor gasoline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dye, perfumes, oils, waxes, and industrial use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-oxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common names are determined by naming the two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom and adding the word ether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller carboxylic acids with 1 to 5 carbons are soluble in water, while bigger carboxylic acids have limited solubility due to the increasing hydrophobic nature of the alkyl chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids tend to have higher boiling points than water due to their greater surface areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids often have strong sour odors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated aliphatic acids do not have c-c double bonds, while unsaturated aliphatic acids do have c-c double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aromatic acids have a COOH group bonded to an aromatic benzene ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polycarboxylic acids are unbranched chain dicarboxylic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary amides have the highest melting point because they have two hydrogen atoms to form hydrogen bonds, while secondary amides have one hydrogen atom, and tertiary amides cannot form hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (LiAlH4) is used to reduce amides to primary amines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The product of the hydrolysis of ethanamide under acidic conditions is ethanoic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hofmann rearrangement is the reaction in which a primary amide is converted to a primary amine with one fewer carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amides are dehydrated by heating a solid mixture of the amide and phosphorus(V) oxide (P4O10).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small amides are soluble in water because they have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers