Carbon & Covalent Compounds
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What is the primary reason covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity?

  • They have weak intermolecular forces.
  • They have strong intermolecular forces.
  • The electrons are shared between atoms, resulting in no free-moving charged particles. (correct)
  • They have a high melting point.

    • The electron dot structure of a nitrogen molecule (N2) shows three shared pairs of electrons between the two nitrogen atoms.

    True (A)

    What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

    A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms, while an ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

    The covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule (H2) is called a ______ bond.

    <p>single</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following molecules with their correct electron dot structures:

    <p>H2O = H O H .. : : NH3 = H |<br /> H- N - H | H CH4 = H |<br /> H - C - H | H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon always forms covalent bonds because it has four electrons in its outermost shell.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compound is formed when a non-metal reacts with a non-metal?

    <p>Covalent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about carbon compounds are TRUE?

    <p>(ii) and (iv) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prefix 'hept' indicates that a carbon compound has 7 carbon atoms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula of methane?

    <p>CH4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general formula for an alkane is C______ H______ where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms.

    <p>n, 2n+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond is represented by the symbol 'C=C'?

    <p>Double bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prefixes with the number of carbon atoms they represent:

    <p>Meth = 1 Eth = 2 Prop = 3 But = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first member of the homologous series to which C4H6 belongs is ______.

    <p>Butyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A homologous series is a group of compounds with the same functional group but differing in a -CH3 unit.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a member of the homologous series CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH?

    <p>CH3OCH3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures?

    <p>Isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general formula for saturated hydrocarbons is ______.

    <p>CnH2n+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functional groups with their corresponding compounds:

    <p>-OH = Ethanol -COOH = Ethanoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an oxidation reaction?

    <p>Formation of a new carbon-carbon bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which ethanol is converted to ethanoic acid?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used as an oxidizing agent in the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid?

    <p>Alkaline potassium permanganate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical formula for ethanol is ______ and for ethanoic acid is ______.

    <p>CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many single and double bonds are present in a molecule of benzene (C6H6)?

    <p>6 single bonds and 3 double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanoic acid is commonly called ______ acid.

    <p>acetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glacial acetic acid is the term used for ethanoic acid that has a melting point above 290 K.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions is an example of a substitution reaction?

    <p>Reaction of methane with chlorine in the presence of sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for the chain of hydrocarbons that undergo addition reactions with hydrogen?

    <p>CnH2n or CnH2n-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Ethanoic acid = A weak acid with a pH of approximately 2.4 Vinegar = A 5-8% solution of ethanoic acid in water Glacial acetic acid = Pure ethanoic acid with a melting point of 290 K Saponification = The reaction of an ester with a strong base, such as NaOH Esterification = The reaction of an acid with an alcohol to form an ester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A series of compounds with the same _______________ group, same general formula and similar chemical properties, where each consecutive member differs by -CH2, is called a homologous series.

    <p>functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkanes?

    <p>CnH2n+2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boiling point of an alcohol decreases as you move up the homologous series.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why the chemical properties of a homologous series are similar.

    <p>The chemical properties of a homologous series are similar because they all contain the same functional group. The functional group is the reactive part of the molecule, and it determines the chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs are isomers?

    <p>C4H10 and C4H10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular mass of the third homologue of alcohols is ______________.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds with their corresponding functional groups:

    <p>Ethanal = Aldehyde Propanone = Ketone Propanoic acid = Carboxylic acid Propanol = Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Draw the structural formula of the third homologue of aldehydes.

    <p>CH3CH2CHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about a homologous series?

    <p>Members of a homologous series differ by a -CH3 unit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isomerism is a phenomenon where compounds have the same structural formula but different molecular formulas.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbon & Its Compounds

    • This topic covers various aspects of carbon compounds, including their formation, nomenclature, properties, and reactions.
    • The notes highlight the importance of carbon's unique structure and its ability to form diverse compounds.
    • Carbon forms covalent bonds due to its need to gain or lose four electrons.
    • Carbon's ability to form long chains, branched chains, and rings are key to the creation of numerous carbon compounds.

    Covalent Compounds

    • Covalent compounds are formed when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
    • The sharing of electrons between atoms is called a covalent bond.
    • Examples given in the presentation of covalent compounds are Cl2, O2, and N2, along with their electron dot structures and types of covalent bonds (single, double, or triple).
    • Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity due to the absence of charged particles.
    • Covalent compounds usually have low melting and boiling points.

    Properties of Covalent Compounds

    • Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity due to the absence of charged particles (ions).
    • They have generally relatively low melting and boiling points because they have weak intermolecular forces,
    • The covalent bond itself is strong, despite the weak intermolecular forces.

    Nomenclature - IUPAC

    • IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, used for naming chemical compounds according to universally accepted rules.
    • Carbon atoms in a chain are numbered, and functional groups are incorporated into the name to define the exact chemical compound.
    • Rules for naming different types of carbon compounds are included (e.g alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,).

    Alkanes

    • Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they only contain single bonds between carbon atoms.
    • They have the general formula CnH2n+2.
    • Examples given: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10) and Pentane (C5H12).
    • These molecules exhibit a homologous series.

    Alkenes

    • Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
    • They have the general formula CnH2n.
    • Examples given: Ethene (C2H4), Propene(C3H6), Butene(C4H8).

    Alkynes

    • Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon triple bond.
    • They have the general formula CnH2n-2.

    Functional Groups

    • Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for most of the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
    • Types of functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and carboxyl (-COOH).
    • The presence of functional groups dramatically changes the chemical properties and behavior of an organic compound.

    Isomers

    • Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.
    • Example given of Butane (C4H10).
    • Structural isomerism involves variations in how atoms are bonded together.

    Heterocyclic Compounds

    • No mention in the provided text

    Homologous Series

    • A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with different numbers of carbon-carbon bonds between the atoms.
    • Each member of a homologous series differs from the next member by one –CH2– unit or two hydrogen atoms.

    Reactions of Alcohols

    • Alcohols undergo various reactions, including oxidation (to aldehydes or carboxylic acids) and dehydration (to alkenes).
    • Alkaline KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7 are oxidizing agents for alcohols.
    • The reactions mentioned involved oxidation and dehydration, with examples including ethanol.

    Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

    • Carboxylic acids react with bases to produce salts and water, or with metal carbonates or bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide, water and salts.
    • Common observations in these reactions include: tests for CO2 and reactions with bases

    Benzene

    • Benzene, a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon (C6H6). Key characteristic is alternating double (delocalized electrons).

    Hard Water

    • Hard water contains dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium.
    • These salts prevent the formation of a lather when soap is used.
    • Detergents are more effective in hard water.

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    Carbon & Its Compounds PDF

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    Explore the fascinating world of carbon compounds and covalent bonds in this quiz. Delve into the formation, properties, and reactions of these essential chemical structures. Understand why carbon's unique structure allows it to form a variety of compounds and how covalent bonds contribute to stability in molecules.

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