Chemistry Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
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Questions and Answers

In the last chapter we came to know about many ______ of importance to us.

compounds

Ionic compounds have low melting and boiling points.

False

What is the atomic number of carbon?

6

What is the name given to the process of forming bonds between carbon atoms, which results in the formation of long chains of carbon, branched chains or carbon atoms arranged in rings?

<p>Catenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a major component of bio-gas and CNG?

<p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main characteristics of carbon that make it unique?

<p>Tetravalency and catenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of saturated hydrocarbons?

<p>They are very reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated hydrocarbons can form both straight chains and branched chains.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where carbon atoms are linked together to form chains of varying lengths?

<p>Catenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alkenes?

<p>C_nH_(2n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do homologous series differ in terms of chemical structure?

<p>They differ by a -CH_2- unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical properties of members in a homologous series show more variation than their chemical properties.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two properties of carbon that lead to the vast numbers of carbon compounds?

<p>Tetravalency and catenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to a group of atoms that determines the specific properties of a compound, regardless of the length of the carbon chain?

<p>Functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct name of the compound with the following formula: CH_3CH_2CH_2CHO?

<p>Butanal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of adding oxygen to another substance is called reduction reaction.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common oxidizing agent?

<p>Hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where hydrogen is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst?

<p>Hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturated hydrocarbons are generally more reactive than unsaturated hydrocarbons.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two commercially important compounds discussed in the text?

<p>Ethanol and ethanoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethanol is a good solvent and is used in many medicines.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for ethanoic acid?

<p>The text states that ethanoic acid is commonly referred to as acetic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carboxylic acids are strong acids.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is formed by the reaction of an acid and an alcohol?

<p>Ester</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the reaction of an ester with sodium hydroxide?

<p>Saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific property of soap molecules that contributes to their cleaning ability?

<p>They have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hardness in water is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the compounds that are used to overcome the problem of water hardness by soap?

<p>Detergents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Detergents are generally sodium salts of carboxylic acids or ammonium salts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of covalent bonds?

<p>They involve the transfer of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of covalent bonds an atom forms is equal to its valency.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do substances burn?

<p>They react with oxygen to release heat and light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incomplete combustion of fuels leads to the release of carbon dioxide and water vapor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both ethanol and ethanoic acid are important carbon compounds.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where an alcohol is converted into a carboxylic acid?

<p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for a 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water?

<p>Vinegar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carboxylic acids are strong acids like hydrochloric acid.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethanol, being a good solvent, is commonly used in medicines and tinctures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of removing water from a substance is called dehydration

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds

  • Carbon compounds are of immense significance in various fields such as biology, chemistry, and materials science. They form the basis of life due to their presence in organic molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, carbon-based materials are crucial in the development of advanced technologies, including pharmaceuticals and renewable energy solutions.

  • in both elemental and combined forms

  • Many everyday items are made of compounds of carbon

  • Burning carbon-containing compounds produces carbon dioxide

  • Carbon is present in the Earth's crust in minerals and the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

  • Carbon's importance lies in its ability to form different compounds in various structures

  • Carbon's ability to form covalent bonds with itself and other elements

  • Carbon forms strong bonds, but weak intermolecular forces

4.1 Bonding in Carbon - The Covalent Bond

  • Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points and conduct electricity in solution or in the molten state
  • Carbon compounds generally have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds
  • Carbon does not form ions in its compounds
  • Carbon overcomes the need to gain or lose electrons by sharing electrons with other atoms
  • This shared electron pair is a covalent bond
  • Carbon's valency is 4, meaning it can form 4 covalent bonds
  • Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds with other atoms or itself
  • Molecules formed via covalent bonds typically have low melting and boiling points

Allotropes of Carbon

  • Carbon exists in different forms, called allotropes
  • Diamond and graphite are formed by carbon atoms
  • Diamond has each carbon atom bonded to 4 other carbon atoms in a three-dimensional structure (very hard and non-conductive)
  • Graphite has each carbon atom linked to three others in a hexagonal array (conductive layers)
  • Fullerenes: Another allotrope of carbon, with carbon atoms arranged in a spherical or cylindrical shape (like footballs)

4.2 Versatile Nature of Carbon

  • Carbon's ability for catenation allows it to form long carbon chains (single, double, or triple bonds) or rings
  • Carbon can form strong bonds with various elements (H, O, N, S) giving rise to diverse compounds
  • The nature of covalent bonds allows carbon to form a large number of compounds (more than any other element)

4.2.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

  • Saturated compounds have carbon atoms linked by single bonds only
  • Unsaturated compounds have double or triple bonds

4.2.2 Chains, Branches, and Rings

  • Carbon atoms can be arranged in chains, branched chains, or rings
  • Table 4.2 lists names and structures of saturated compounds with up to 6 carbon atoms

4.2.3 Homologous Series

  • Homologous series is a series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
  • Each member differs by a —CH2— unit

4.3 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

  • Most carbon compounds burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and heat/light (combustion)
  • Saturated hydrocarbons burn cleanly, while unsaturated ones produce smoke and soot
  • Some carbon compounds can undergo oxidation reactions
  • Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to produce hydrogen gas
  • Alcohols, under special conditions, can form a specific type of carbon compound called an ester
  • Some properties of ethanoic acid (acetic acid):
  • Ethanoic acid is a weak acid
  • Esterification Reaction: reaction between an alcohol and ethanoic acid forms an ester, and water as a by-product
  • Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates producing carbon dioxide gas.
  • Common uses include preservatives for food and as a component of many cleaning products.

4.4 Some Important Carbon Compounds: Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

  • Ethanol is commonly used in beverages and as a solvent
  • Ethanoic acid reacts with different compounds. For example, it reacts with carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and a base forming different products.

4.5 Soaps and Detergents

  • Soaps form micelles which help in cleaning clothes.

  • Soap molecules have a hydrophilic (water-loving) end and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) end.

  • The hydrophobic part dissolves grease, and the hydrophilic end attaches to the water, enabling removal

  • Detergents have similar functionality but can function even in hard water (containing minerals).

  • Hard water contains minerals such as calcium and magnesium which react with soap to form precipitates (scum), reducing cleaning effectiveness. Detergents do not react in the same way and are, therefore, suitable for use in hard water.

    Ethanol is used in preparing various medicines such as tonics.

  • Ethanol reacts with sodium metal, forming sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas

  • Ethanol is oxidised under special conditions to ethanoic acid.

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This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of carbon and its compounds, focusing on their significance, bonding characteristics, and properties. Explore how carbon's unique ability to form covalent bonds affects various compounds and their applications in everyday life.

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