Carbon & Its Compounds PDF

Carbon & Its Compounds ONE SHOT GUN SHOT 100% Paper yahi se bnega Sab Samajh Me aaega !!  Covalent Compounds A compound formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms. H O, CH 2 NH3, 4 Formation of Cl2...

Carbon & Its Compounds ONE SHOT GUN SHOT 100% Paper yahi se bnega Sab Samajh Me aaega !!  Covalent Compounds A compound formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms. H O, CH 2 NH3, 4 Formation of Cl2 (Water) (Ammonia) (Methane) Cl (17) → e– dot structure Formation of O2 To attain stability O needs 8e– in last/valence shell. O(8) → 2, 6 Complete Octet. e– dot structure Formation of N2 N(7) → 2, 5 e– dot structure XX XX XX X X X X Cl X X Cl X X Cl X XX XX XX Q. The correct representation of covalent bonding in an oxygen molecule is (CBSE 2023) Q. The electron dot structure of chlorine molecule is (CBSE 2023) Covalent compound is formed between a non-metal + non-metal Eg: H2 , O2, N2, Cl2 (C, S, N, O, H, Cl, F, Br) Formation of H2O (Water) O(8) → 2, 6 H(1) → 1 Formation of CH4 (Methane) C(6) → 2, 4 H(1) → 1 Formation of NH3 (Ammonia) → Comment Single ? Double ? N(7) → 2, 5 H(1) → 1 Carbon : Atomic No. → 6p+6n C(6) → To attain Noble gas configuration So Carbon shares 4e– & always form covalent bonds & covalent compounds. Q. Assertion (A) : Carbon has a strong tendency to either lose or gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. Reason (R) : Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and has the tendency to share electrons with carbon or other elements. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct (CBSE 2020) explanation of the assertion (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A). (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.  Properties of Covalent Compounds 1. Generally Poor Conductor of Electricity because e– are shared between atoms and no charged NOTE: Covalent Bond is strong particles are formed absence of ions H-H H-H H-H 2. Generally Low Melting & Boiling Points because they have weak intermolecular forces Q. Carbon compounds (CBSE 2024) (i) are good conductors of electricity (ii) are bad conductors of electricity (iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules (iv) have weak forces of attraction between their molecules. The correct statements are (a) (i)and (ii) (b) (ii)and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)  Nomenclature - IUPAC 1. C → 4 valency 6C → Hex 1C → 7C → Hept 2C → 8C → Oct 3C → Prop 9C → Non 4C → But 10C → Dec 5C → Pent 2. Carbon ke sath kuch laga hai to theek, varna H laga Ke valency khatam karo. 'C' or 'H' bhai bhai.  Carbon Carbon single bond – ane C–C C–C–C C–C–C–C–C C–C–C–C Homologous Series: (HS) Q. Write the molecular formula of the following carbon compounds : (i) Methane (CBSE term ll 2021-2022) (i) Propane  Carbon Carbon double bond = ene C=C C–C=C C–C–C=C Homologous Series: (HS)  Carbon Carbon triple bond = yne C=C C–C=C C–C–C=C Homologous Series: (HS) Homologous Series: (HS) C=C C–C=C C–C–C=C Q.Write the formula of first member of the homologous series to which the carbon compound C4H6 belongs. (CBSE term ll 2021-2022)  Functional groups → gives chemical properties to a compound Homologous Series (HS): Same functional group increasing CH2. Homologous Series (HS): Same functional group increasing CH2. Q. Assertion (A) : Following are the members of a homologous series : CH30H, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH Q. Reason (R) : A series of compounds with same functional group but differing by —CH2 unit is called homologous series (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A). (c) (A)is true, but (R)is false. (CBSE 2023) (d) (A)is false, but (R)is true. Homologous Series (HS): Same functional group increasing CH2. Homologous Series (HS): Same functional group increasing CH2. Q. Write the name and structures of (i) aldehyde and (ii) ketone with molecular form C3H6O. (CBSE 2024)  o -C-H C-COOH C-C-COOH Q. Draw the structure of Butanoic acid : (CBSE 2023) NAME IUPAC Structure Formula (i) Draw the structures of propanol and propanone. (CBSE 2023) (ii) Name the third homologue of : (a) alcohols (b) aldehydes  Homologous Series (HS) A series of compound with same functional group , same general formula & similar chemical properties where each consecutive member differs by –CH2. E.g: Alkane CnH2n+2 CH4 C2H6 Alkene CnH2n C2H2 C3H6 1. Molecular Mass increase moving up homologous series (C → 12amu H–lamu O–16amu) –CH2 ⇒ 14amu ka difference 2. Melting and boiling point increase up the series Reason: They increase with Molecular Mass Gradation in other physical properties like solubility. 3. Chemical properties are same for a homologous series Reason: Chemical properties are because of functional groups which remains same in HS. Q. Write the formula and the molecular mass of the third homologue of alcohols. State how the boiling point of an alcohol changes as one moves from lower to higher homologues. (CBSE 2024) Q. (i) Define a homologous series of carbon compounds. (i) Why is the melting and boiling points of C4H8 higher than that of C3H6 or C2H4? (iii) Why do we not see any gradation in chemical of a homologous series compounds? (CBSE 2024)  Isomers C–C–C Practice 1)CButane –C–C–C C 3. C–C–C–C–C–C O O 4. C–C–C–C–C C–C–C 2. C – C – C – C – C 2) Pentane C Molecular formula: C–C–C Isomers: Compounds with same C molecular formula but different structures, and this phenomenon is called isomerism.  C–C–C–C C–C–C Practice C 3. O 4. 2. C – C – C – C – C C C–C–C Isomers: Compounds with same molecular formula but C different structures, and this phenomenon is called isomerism. Q. Draw two structural isomers of butane. (CBSE 2023)  Saturated Compounds Unsaturated Compounds Which has Carbon-Carbon Which has Carbon-Carbon single bonds only. Double or triple bond C-C C-C-C C=C C C CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2 Q. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds on the basis of their general formula. (CBSE 2023)  Electron Dot Structure 1. Methane 2. Ethane 3. Ethene Rings of Carbon Saturated or Unsaturated? Benzene Saturated or Unsaturated? Q. The number of single and double bonds present in a molecule of benzene (C6H6) respectively, are (a) 6 and 6 (b) 9 and 3 (CBSE 2024) (c) 3 and 9 (d) 3 and 3  REACTIONS PAR USSEY PEHLE YE DO COMPOUND YAAD KARO ETHANOL ETHANOIC ACID  ETHANOL CH3-CH2-OH Ke Reactions 1) + Na → 2) Conc H2SO4 Dehydrating agent hai (pani nikalne wala). This Reaction is Called Dehydration of Ethanol 3) 1 & 2 are oxidizing agent. This is oxidation of Ethanol. Addition of oxygen to ethanol happens. Purple colour of Alkaline KMNO4 Dissapears  Activity 4.5: drop wise alkaline KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) Observation: Purple colour of Alkaline KMnO4 Disappears Reason: Ethanol reacts with Alkaline KMnO4 to give Ethanol ethanoic acid (colourless) On adding excess of Alk KMnO4 Now Purple colour doesn’t disappear as there is no ethanol left now CH3 - CH2 - OH CH3 - COOH Heat (Colourless) Step 3: Alk KMnO4 ethanoic acid Q. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction? Name the oxidising agent used in this conversion. Write chemical equation for this oxidation reaction. (CBSE 2024) (i) Write the name and structure of an organic compound ‘X’ having two carbon atoms in its molecule and its name is suffixed with ‘-ol. (ii) What happens when ‘X’ is heated with excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K? Write chemical equation for the reaction stating the conditions for the reaction. Also state the role played by concentrated sulphuric acid in the reaction. (iii) Name and draw the electron dot structure of hydrocarbon produced in the above reaction. (CBSE 2024)  ETHANOIC ACID CH3-COOH Ke Reactions Reactions of Acid → H+ ions release 1) + NaOH → 2) + Na2CO3 → + NaHCO3 → Test for gas → turns lime water milky & milkiness disappear in passing excess of gas 3) Esterification - Ethanoic acid + Ethanol + Ester are sweet smelling substances , used in making perfumes & flavouring agents 4) Saponification – Ester + NaOH Q. A spatula full of sodium carbonate is taken in a test tube and 2 mL of dilute ethanoic acid is added to it. (CBSE 2024) (a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction. (b) Suggest a method of testing the gas liberated in the reaction.  Ethanoic Acid CH3COOH 1. commonly called acetic acid 2. 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water →vinegar used as preservative in pickles 3. Glacial acetic acid→Melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290k (17℃) hence it often freezes in winter in cold climates 4. Carboxylic acids are weak acids compared to HCl PH = 2.4 acetic acid PH = 1 HCl Colour Red Yellow Colour Red Universal Indicator Universal Indicator  Addition reaction Substitution reaction 1) Unsaturated Compounds – Alkene , Alkyne For Saturated Compounds – Alkane Nickel Catalyst Sunlight CH2=CH2 + H2 CH4 + Cl2 Platinum Catalyst Saturated Compounds are less reactive Hydrogenation – Addition Of Hydrogen to unsaturated Compounds to give saturated compound Reaction is used in Hydrogenation of vegetable oil ( long unsaturated carbon chains) Q. (i) Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which anOH addition reaction with hydrogen can 443k 443k take place. Stating the essential C-C condition required Excess ConC 2 H SO 4 for an CH3addition CH3OH reaction to occur, Excess ConC H SO 2 4 write CH2=CH2+H2O the chemical equation giving the name of the reactant Heat Heat and product of such a reaction. How is an addition reaction different from a substitution ConCH2SO4 Dehydrating agent reaction? (CBSE 2023)  Combustion 1) Complete Combustion ( in supply of air ) → CO2 + H2O + Heat 2) Saturated Hydrocarbons → Clean blue flame Unsaturated Hydrocarbons → Yellow flame with lot of black smoke 3) Camphor & Napthalene → Yellow Flame ?? → Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Incomplete Combustion → Limited Supply of air → Yellow flame products are H2O CO & C  Chemical properties of Carbon Compounds 4. Incomplete Combustion → Limited Supply of air → Yellow flame products are H2O CO & C (black Carbon soot) {Saturated Hydrocarbons → Clean Flame {Unsaturated Hydrocarbons → Yellow flame with black smoke Incomplete Combustion → Limited Supply of air products are H2O CO & C (Carbon soot black)  Allotropy The phenomenon of existence of an element in two or more forms which have different physical properties but identical chemical properties. Carbon exists in different forms in nature. Like Diamond & Graphite This phenomenon is called allotropy & these different forms are called allotropes. Catenation - Property of carbon to self link and form long chains of Carbon atoms , branched chains of Carbon atoms or rings of carbon atoms This is the biggest reason that carbon forms Millions of compounds. Food , paper , clothes , Human body all contains carbon compounds Silicon also shows Catenation but to lower extent that Carbon. SOAPS Molecules of soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids - - - C – C – C – C – C –COONa 15-17 Carbon की Chain Representation of Soap Molecule - Most of the dirt is oil - Oil does not dissolve in water Micelles Pronounced -> Maicell Head – Towards Water Tail – Towards Oil The oil dirt is trapped inside micelle Washed away with water rinsing Micelles Pronounced -> Maicell  Hard Water Water that contains salts of calcium and magnesium-- bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates FOAM WITH SOFT WATER Foam Formed Easily FOAM WITH SOFT WATER Foam Formed Easily FOAM WITH HARD WATER Foam Not Formed Scum Soap reacts with salts of Ca and Mg to form insoluble Ca and Mg salts ppt Detergents (effective in hard water) Sodium salts of sulphonic acid or Ammonium salts with chlorides or bromides → Do not form insoluble precipitate with Ca and Mg salts of hard water → Used to make shampoo and cleaning clothes