Carbohydrates Overview
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the blood group if neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?

  • Blood group O (correct)
  • Blood group A
  • Blood group B
  • Blood group AB

    • Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of beta glycosidic bonds.

    False

    What is the primary function of intestinal disaccharidases?

    Creates monosaccharides

    Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about _____ mM.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following transporters with their functions:

    <p>SGLT-1 = Glucose and Galactose absorption with Na+ GLUT-5 = Fructose absorption GLUT-2 = Transport from intestine to blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes glycoproteins?

    <p>Proteins with oligosaccharides attached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteoglycans primarily consist of protein and do not contain GAGs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glycoproteins in the cellular context?

    <p>Cell-surface recognition and cell-surface antigenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood group is A if the terminal sugar on the glycan is ______.

    <p>GalNAc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate structure is primarily responsible for fast energy production due to its branching?

    <p>Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the carbohydrate structure with its characteristic:

    <p>Amylose = Unbranched starch Proteoglycan = Associated with a core protein Glycoprotein = Has oligosaccharide attachments Glycosaminoglycan = Binds large amounts of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycosylation is one of the least common posttranslational modifications of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main proteins found in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Collagen, elastin, fibrillin-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate is formed from two monosaccharides?

    <p>Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a storage polysaccharide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

    <p>C_n(H2O)_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose and fructose combine to form a __________.

    <p>disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of carbohydrates with their characteristics:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Single sugar units Disaccharides = Two sugar units Oligosaccharides = Few sugar units, typically 3-10 Polysaccharides = Many sugar units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of ketose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldoses are sugars that contain a ketone group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one structural polysaccharide.

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suffix '-ose' is typically added to the name of __________.

    <p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common bond that links monosaccharides to form disaccharides?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also contain several hydroxyl groups.
    • Carbohydrates have the general formula (CH₂O)ₙ.
    • Isomers have the same formula but different structures. Fructose and glucose have the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆).
    • Carbohydrates are classified by the number of units: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
    • The "-ose" suffix is added to the name of carbohydrates.
    • Monosaccharides are classified as either aldoses (aldehyde group) or ketoses (ketone group) based on the carbonyl group.
    • The number of carbons determines the specific type of monosaccharide (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, nonose). Examples include glyceraldehyde, erythrose, ribose, glucose, sedoheptulose, and neuraminic acid.
    • Ketoses contain a ketone group in their structure. Examples include ribulose and fructose.
    • Sometimes, carbohydrates' oxygen content can change depending on the conditions.
    • In certain conditions, carbohydrates can have more or less oxygen and nitrogen.
    • Polysaccharides are large polymers made up of many monosaccharides linked together. Common examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
    • Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides, with glycogen being branched and starch having a linear structure.
    • Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide with a linear structure. It's composed of beta-glycosidic bonds.
    • Chitin is a structural polysaccharide containing N-acetylglucosamine.
    • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine through glycosidic bonds.
    • Examples of disaccharides include maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Maltose contains two glucose units. Lactose contains galactose and glucose. Sucrose contains glucose and fructose.
    • Glycogenin is the protein central to glycogen synthesis. Glucose is added to the chain, and degradation starts from the ends for faster energy production.
    • Starch is made up of two components: amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). Amylose does not appear different than glycogen.
    • Amylopectin has α(1→6) glycosidic bonds linking the chains of glucose.
    • Carbohydrates can be part of other molecules.
    • Carbohydrates can form glycosaminoglycans, which have negatively charged heteropolysaccharide chains. Glycoproteins have proteins with attached oligosaccharides. Proteoglycans are proteins with more carbohydrate content than protein.
    • Glycoproteins and proteoglycans play important roles in various biological processes and are found in the extracellular matrix(ECM).
    • Glycoproteins are important in cell-cell communication and antigenicity (blood types), with specific carbohydrates dictating blood type.
    • These structures aid in lubrication and are part of the ECM.

    Digestion

    • Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the breakdown of glycosidic bonds by enzymes like alpha-amylase, which is an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller sugars.
    • Disaccharidases break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides.
    • Cellulose has beta linkages and is thus not digestible by humans.

    Absorption

    • Monosaccharides are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells through specific transporters.
    • Some monosaccharides use sodium-dependent transport mechanisms.
    • Others are absorbed via facilitated transport.

    Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Blood glucose concentration is tightly controlled (~5 mM).
    • Carbohydrates are essential for energy production and brain function.
    • Low blood glucose can cause confusion, coma; high blood glucose can cause vascular damage.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates, including their structure, classification, and isomerism. Learn about the different types of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Test your knowledge on the general formulas and characteristics of these essential biomolecules.

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