Carbohydrates Overview and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What blood type results from the absence of both GalNAc and galactose?

  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O (correct)

Which type of glycosidic bond is found in cellulose?

  • Beta (1->4) (correct)
  • Alpha (1->4)
  • Beta (1->6)
  • Alpha (1->6)

What is the primary function of intestinal disaccharidases?

  • Convert polysaccharides into disaccharides.
  • Break down proteins into polypeptides.
  • Transport glucose into mucosal cells.
  • Convert disaccharides into monosaccharides. (correct)

Which transporter is responsible for absorbing fructose in the intestine?

<p>GLUT-5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A prolonged blood glucose concentration of 9 mM (162 mg/dL) is most likely to cause which condition?

<p>Vascular damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of amylopectin allows for faster energy production compared to amylose?

<p>Its branched structure provides more ends for degradation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between proteoglycans and glycoproteins in terms of their composition?

<p>Proteoglycans contain repeating disaccharide units, while glycoproteins do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the extracellular matrix?

<p>To bind large amounts of water and produce a gel-like matrix. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The covalent attachment of oligosaccharides to a protein is known as:

<p>Glycosylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is NOT a typical function of membrane-bound glycoproteins?

<p>Direct energy production via glucose breakdown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a person has blood group A or B, according to the information provided?

<p>The terminal sugar on the glycan is either GalNAc (A) or galactose (B). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of a proteoglycan?

<p>A carbohydrate with a core protein and associated glycosaminoglycans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are glycoproteins commonly found?

<p>On cell surfaces, extracellular matrix, and in plasma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

<p>(CH_2O)_n$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of all monosaccharides?

<p>They contain a carbonyl group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bond that links two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

<p>Glycosidic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a storage polysaccharide?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a monosaccharide is classified as a ketopentose, what does this indicate about its structure?

<p>It has a ketone group and 5 carbon atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between glucose and fructose?

<p>They are isomers, with the same chemical formula ($C_6 H_{12} O_6$), but different structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding modified monosaccharides is true?

<p>They can have a hydroxyl group replaced with an N-acetyl group, or converted into carboxyl group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What monosaccharides comprise the disaccharide sucrose?

<p>Glucose and fructose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural polysaccharide is made of N-acetyl glucosamine?

<p>Chitin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycogenin in glycogen synthesis?

<p>It initiates the synthesis of glycogen by acting as a primer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) and multiple hydroxyl groups.

Isomer

A compound with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms.

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule, like glucose or fructose.

Aldose

A sugar molecule containing an aldehyde group.

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Ketose

A sugar molecule containing a ketone group.

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Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.

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Polysaccharide

A long chain of sugar molecules, including starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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Glycogen

A complex carbohydrate that serves as the primary energy storage form in animals.,

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Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

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Digestion of Carbohydrates

A chemical process in which carbohydrates are broken down into simpler sugars.

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Amylopectin

A type of polysaccharide that forms a branching structure, providing multiple ends for glucose release. This branching allows for faster energy production due to the simultaneous breakdown of many glucose units.

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Amylose

A type of polysaccharide with a linear structure composed of glucose units. It is found in starch and breaks down more slowly than amylopectin.

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Proteoglycan

A type of macromolecule that comprises a core protein covalently linked to one or more negatively charged heteropolysaccharide chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Long, unbranched polysaccharide chains made up of repeating disaccharide units. They are negatively charged and have a high affinity for water.

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Glycoprotein

Proteins with covalently attached oligosaccharides (glycans). They are highly abundant in the body and play a crucial role in various cellular processes.

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Glycosylation

The covalent attachment of oligosaccharides to proteins. It is a common modification that occurs after protein synthesis.

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Membrane-bound glycoproteins

These glycoproteins act as receptors on cell surfaces, mediating communication with other cells, hormones, and viruses.

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Extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins

These glycoproteins are important components of the extracellular matrix. They provide structural support and help to hold tissues together.

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Carbohydrate Digestion

The breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars by the body.

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Glucosidase Enzymes

Enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds, which are the links between sugar molecules.

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Alpha Glycosidic Bond

A type of glycosidic bond found in starch, a common carbohydrate source in plants.

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Beta Glycosidic Bond

A type of glycosidic bond found in cellulose, a structural component of plants.

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SGLT-1

The primary transporter of glucose and galactose from the intestines into the bloodstream.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates Overview

  • Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) containing several hydroxyl groups.
  • Their general formula is (C.H₂O)n
  • Carbohydrates can change in some conditions (e.g., less oxygen, more carbon, more nitrogen)

Carbohydrate Objectives

  • Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
  • Classify carbohydrates
  • Recognize disaccharides and polysaccharides
  • Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their function
  • Explain carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Structure

  • Carbohydrates contain carbonyl groups (aldehyde or ketone) and hydroxyl groups.
  • Aldehydes are where the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain.
  • Ketones are where the carbonyl group is in the middle of a carbon chain.
  • Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.
  • Fructose and glucose have the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆), but different structures.

Carbohydrate Classification

  • Classification is based on the number of sugar units:
    • Monosaccharides (single sugar unit)
    • Disaccharides (two sugar units)
    • Oligosaccharides (a few sugar units)
    • Polysaccharides (many sugar units forming polymers)
  • The suffix "-ose" is added to the names of most carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides

  • Classified as aldoses or ketoses based on the carbonyl group. (Aldehyde or Ketone group)
  • Classified by the number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, nonoses)
  • Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose.
  • Some monosaccharides are isomers (same chemical formula, different structure).

Disaccharides

  • Formed by the combination of two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond.
  • Examples include maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose), and sucrose (glucose + fructose).

Polysaccharides

  • Polymers formed by many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
  • Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
  • Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides.
  • Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide.

Protein-Carbohydrate Structures

  • Carbohydrates and proteins can be combined to form glycoproteins.
  • Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins through glycosylation.
  • Proteoglycans are proteins that have many glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached.
  • Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of proteins.

Carbohydrate Digestion

  • Digestion starts in the mouth with enzymes breaking down glycosides.
  • Digestive enzymes break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides.
  • Humans cannot digest cellulose due to the structure of the glycosidic bond.
  • Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Carbohydrate Absorption

  • Sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) absorbs glucose and galactose.
  • GLUT-2 absorbs fructose.
  • These transporters move the sugars from the intestine into the bloodstream.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • Blood glucose is important for cellular energy.
  • The blood glucose concentration must be maintained within a specific range for healthy function.

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Description

This quiz provides an overview of carbohydrates, focusing on their structure, classification, and functions. Participants will learn about the general formula, types of carbohydrates, and their roles in digestion. Get ready to explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates and their biochemical significance!

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