Biochemistry I - Carbohydrates Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of carbohydrate can be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates?

  • Oligosaccharide (correct)
  • Polysaccharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Monosaccharide

    • Which sugar is identified as almost twice as sweet as sucrose?

  • Galactose
  • Lactose
  • Glucose
  • Fructose (correct)

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of polysaccharides?

  • They primarily consist of fructose units
  • They must first be broken down into monosaccharides (correct)
  • They can be used directly by the body
  • They are formed from 2 to 20 monosaccharides

    • What is a primary function of carbohydrates in cellular recognition processes?

    <p>To serve as receptors for hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of starch is primarily involved in providing reserves for plants during germination?

    <p>Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes disaccharides within the carbohydrate classes?

    <p>They consist of exactly two monosaccharides bound together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of polysaccharide?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ingredient is formed as a result of amylases acting on starch?

    <p>Dextrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the composition of cellulose?

    <p>Cellulose consists of thousands of beta glucose units joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of cellulose?

    <p>They hold microfibrils together, contributing to the strength of cellulose fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms can digest cellulose?

    <p>Ruminant animals such as cattle and giraffes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the mutualistic relationship involving cellulose digestion?

    <p>The bacterium receives shelter while the herbivore provides cellulose for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following products is NOT derived from cellulose?

    <p>Polyethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes cellulose?

    <p>It is a structural component of plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glycogen is true?

    <p>It serves as the primary carbohydrate reserve in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chitin from cellulose?

    <p>Chitin makes up the exoskeleton of crustaceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On the basis of their degree of polymerization, which of the following is classified as complex?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides contains six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polysaccharide is chitin classified as?

    <p>Homopolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of carbohydrates are sugars?

    <p>Monosaccharides and disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of herbivores concerning cellulose digestion?

    <p>They rely on gut bacteria to break down cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond connects two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribose in the body?

    <p>Structural component of nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide is primarily found in seminal fluid and serves as an energy source for spermatozoa?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by the presence of glucose in urine?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide can be converted to glucose in the liver?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition might result from an accumulation of galactose in the blood?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining physical property of monosaccharides?

    <p>Sweet and soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates alpha glucose from beta glucose?

    <p>The position of the -OH group on the anomeric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of cellobiose?

    <p>Support and protection in plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of homopolysaccharides?

    <p>They are polymers made from a single type of monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the presence of starch in a sample?

    <p>Color change of iodine solution from yellow to blue-black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of glycogen differ from starch?

    <p>Glycogen is more extensively branched and compact compared to starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What links the two glucose monomers in cellobiose?

    <p>Beta-(1,4) linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is primarily responsible for energy storage in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes glycogenesis?

    <p>The synthesis of glycogen from glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines two carbohydrates as epimers?

    <p>They differ only in the configuration of the OH group at carbon 4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Fischer projection, how are carbon atoms typically represented?

    <p>Vertically through solid lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of a molecule indicates it is chiral?

    <p>Presence of one or more chiral carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines if a sugar is classified as D or L configuration?

    <p>The position of the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon furthest from the carbonyl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between dextrorotatory and levorotatory compounds?

    <p>Dextrorotatory compounds rotate polarized light to the right, while levorotatory rotate it to the left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of anomeric carbons in carbohydrates?

    <p>They differ only at the keto/aldo carbon from other isomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Fischer projection method?

    <p>It represents a two-dimensional structure by projecting all atoms onto a plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry I - Course Overview

    • Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and processes in living organisms, including changes during development and life.
    • It includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions.
    • Key biomolecules are carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Carbohydrates (Chap I)

    • Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    • They're formed in plants through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.

    • Examples include sugars, starches, and fibers in fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk products.

    • The general formula is Cn(H₂O)n.

    • The simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides.

    • Monosaccharides link to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

    • All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones and contain several hydroxyl groups.

    • Functions of carbohydrates:

      • Energy storage and production (glycogen, starch)
      • Plant cell wall structure (cellulose, chitin)
      • Immune response, cell-cell interactions, fertilization, and viral infection.
      • Protein-saving action: preventing protein use for energy when adequate carbohydrates are present.
      • Lipid metabolism: excess carbohydrates can be converted to fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver.

    • Flavor and Sweeteners: Carbohydrates provide sweetness in foods. Receptors in the tongue bind to carbohydrates, sending a "sweet" signal to the brain. Fructose is the sweetest, followed by sucrose, then glucose.

    • Biological Recognition Processes: Carbohydrates are also important in cellular recognition. Many immunoglobulins (antibodies) and peptide hormones contain glycoprotein sequences composed of amino acids linked to carbohydrates.

    • Classes of carbohydrates:

      • Monosaccharides: cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
      • Oligosaccharides: formed by short chains of monosaccharides (2 to 20) linked by glycosidic bonds (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
      • Polysaccharides: polymers of 20 to thousands of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin).

    • Specific polysaccharides:

      • Starch: abundant in plants, a mix of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) which stores glucose.
      • Glycogen: animal starch, branched, stores glucose.
      • Cellulose: plant cell wall, structural component, cannot be digested by humans.
      • Chitin: exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, fungal cell walls.

    • Nomenclature: Monosaccharides are named based on the number of carbons (e.g., triose, pentose, hexose) and their functional group (aldehyde or ketone).

    Amino Acids and Proteins (Chap II)

    • Covers roles of proteins in living organisms, properties of 20 essential amino acids, peptide bond formation and properties, protein folding (secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures), and protein denaturation.

    Nucleic Acids (Chap II)

    • Covers the role of nucleic acids in living organisms.
    • Includes nomenclature, chemical composition, and structures of nucleosides and nucleotides.
    • Discusses structure of DNA double helix, DNA packaging, and replication.
    • Includes mutations and repair mechanisms, transcription, genetic code, translation, and DNA sequencing.

    Lipids (Chap IV)

    • Covers roles of lipids in living organisms, classification of lipids, fatty acids (saturated, unsaturated), glycerides (neutral glycerides, phosphoglycerides), non-glycerol lipids (sphingolipids, steroids, waxes), and biological membranes (structure, transport across membranes).

    Natural Products (Component III)

    • General definition and classification of natural products.
    • Covers examples like semi-chemicals, lipids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids.

    General Biochemistry Introduction

    • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in living organisms, including changes during development and life.
    • Key biomolecules are carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Importance of Biochemistry

    • used in different domains such as food science (chemical composition, shelf life), agriculture (interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants), pharmacology/physiology/microbiology/toxicology/clinical chemistry (drug action), and the study of disease diagnosis/therapy.
    • Biotechnology industry: produces disease-resistant seeds, drought-resistant plants, and seed coatings.
    • Pharmaceutical industry: drug production.
    • Biochemistry is used to learn about biological processes and properties of biomolecules (e.g., keratin in shampoo, food additives, artificial sweeteners).
    • Gene therapy is within the realm of biochemistry to understand chemical reactions involved.

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    Carbohydrates Biochemistry PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of carbohydrates in this Biochemistry I quiz. Learn about their structure, formation, and essential functions in living organisms. This quiz covers essential concepts such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and energy storage.

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