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Questions and Answers
What characteristic defines blood group O?
What characteristic defines blood group O?
Which enzyme is responsible for degrading glycosidic bonds during digestion?
Which enzyme is responsible for degrading glycosidic bonds during digestion?
What type of bonds does α-amilase disrupt?
What type of bonds does α-amilase disrupt?
Which transporter is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine?
Which transporter is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine?
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What blood glucose concentration is considered essential for normal cerebral function?
What blood glucose concentration is considered essential for normal cerebral function?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is a classification of carbohydrates based on the number of units?
Which of the following is a classification of carbohydrates based on the number of units?
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What type of sugar is classified as an aldopentose?
What type of sugar is classified as an aldopentose?
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What is formed when two monosaccharides undergo a glycosidic bond?
What is formed when two monosaccharides undergo a glycosidic bond?
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Which of the following carbohydrates is a structural polysaccharide?
Which of the following carbohydrates is a structural polysaccharide?
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Which type of carbonyl group is present in ketoses?
Which type of carbonyl group is present in ketoses?
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What type of saccharide is formed from glucose and fructose?
What type of saccharide is formed from glucose and fructose?
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Which of the following sugars is a ketohexose?
Which of the following sugars is a ketohexose?
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What is the main function of glycogen in living organisms?
What is the main function of glycogen in living organisms?
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Which suffix is commonly added to the names of carbohydrates?
Which suffix is commonly added to the names of carbohydrates?
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What is the main significance of branching in polysaccharides like amylopectin?
What is the main significance of branching in polysaccharides like amylopectin?
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What role do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play in the extracellular matrix?
What role do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play in the extracellular matrix?
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Which of the following best distinguishes glycoproteins from proteoglycans?
Which of the following best distinguishes glycoproteins from proteoglycans?
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What is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins?
What is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins?
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How do glycoproteins function in cell-surface recognition?
How do glycoproteins function in cell-surface recognition?
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What happens if the terminal sugar on the glycan is galactose?
What happens if the terminal sugar on the glycan is galactose?
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Which electrolyte property is associated with the composition of proteoglycans?
Which electrolyte property is associated with the composition of proteoglycans?
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What is one of the primary functions of mucins in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is one of the primary functions of mucins in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) also containing several hydroxyl groups.
- They have a general formula of (CH₂O)ₙ.
- Isomers have the same formula but different structures.
- Fructose and glucose have the formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Classification is based on the number of units: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.
- A "-ose" suffix is added to the name.
- Monosaccharides are further categorized by the type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and the number of carbons (triose, tetrose, etc.).
- Examples of monosaccharides include trioses (3 carbons), tetroses (4 carbons), pentoses (5 carbons), hexoses (6 carbons), and nonoses (9 carbons).
Monosaccharides
- Aldoses have an aldehyde group on the first carbon.
- Ketoses have a ketone group on a carbon other than the first or last.
- Examples: D-ribose, D-xylose, D-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, D-ribulose.
Disaccharides
- Formed when two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
- Examples: Maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose).
Polysaccharides
- Large polymers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Main energy storage polysaccharides in animals and plants are glycogen and starch.
- Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants.
- Chitin is a structural polysaccharide in insects and fungi.
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates can combine with proteins to form glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
- Glycoproteins are rich in protein, while proteoglycans are rich in carbohydrate, specifically glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
Digestion
- Enzymes called glycosidases break down glycosidic bonds.
- Humans cannot digest cellulose due to the beta glycosidic bonds.
- Starch is broken down to glucose by amylase.
- Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose are broken down further into their monosaccharides.
Absorption
- Monosaccharides are absorbed into the intestinal mucosa.
- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) and GLUT transporters are involved.
- Fructose is absorbed primarily via GLUT-2.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Blood glucose is tightly regulated (maintained around 5 mM or 90 mg/dL).
- Low or high levels can lead to health issues.
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce ATP for energy.
Glycoprotein Functions
- Involved in cell-cell communication, blood type, immune responses, and interactions between cells and hormones.
- Essential parts of the extracellular matrix.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates including their structure, classification, and types of monosaccharides. It also delves into specific examples and the significance of carbonyl groups in carbohydrate chemistry. Test your knowledge on this vital topic of biochemistry!
