Carbohydrate Chemistry Learning Outcomes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To build muscle tissue
  • To produce insulin
  • To provide energy for tissues (correct)

    • Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates?

  • Containing only one carbon atom (correct)
  • Containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Containing a free active carbonyl group
  • Containing more than one hydroxyl group

    • Which type of carbohydrate is responsible for the rapid heartbeats and sweating experienced by the patient in the case scenario?

  • Monosaccharides (correct)
  • Disaccharides
  • Lipids
  • Polysaccharides

    • What is the name of the condition experienced by the patient in the case scenario?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for studying carbohydrate chemistry?

    <p>To understand the structure and function of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary classification of carbohydrates based on?

    <p>The number of sugar units they contain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides are further classified based on which two criteria?

    <p>The number of carbon atoms and the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is the principal sugar found in the blood?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate contains more than 10 sugar units?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is the primary energy source for sperms?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dextrin as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Being used as mucilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellulose not digested in humans?

    <p>Due to the presence of B glucosidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heteropolysaccharide serves as an anticoagulant?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) according to the text?

    <p>Composed of a repeating disaccharide unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heteropolysaccharide is a component of cell surface lubricant and shock absorbent according to the text?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is absent in humans leading to the non-digestibility of cellulose?

    <p>B glucosidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological importance of the monosaccharide galactose?

    <p>It enters in the formation of lactose (milk sugar) and galactolipids &amp; glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the biological roles of pentoses like ribose?

    <p>They are components of nucleic acids, energy compounds, coenzymes, second messengers, and vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological importance of mannose?

    <p>It enters in the formation of glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sugar acids?

    <p>They are monosaccharides derived from the oxidation of other monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the glucose test strips used to measure glucose levels in urine and blood?

    <p>The oxidation of glucose by the enzyme glucose oxidase to produce gluconic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of glucuronic acid in biological systems?

    <p>It is involved in the formation of mucopolysaccharides and detoxification processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar alcohol is a constituent of DNA?

    <p>Mannitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid contains the highest concentration of fructose?

    <p>Seminal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galactose is a main constituent of which type of sugar?

    <p>Honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about polysaccharides is true?

    <p>Polysaccharides are large carbohydrate molecules made up of more than 3 units of monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the statement 'Pentose is a disaccharide important in RNA' true or false?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is Maltose a polysaccharide formed of glucose and fructose? True or false?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Classified into two main categories: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates
    • Simple carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides
    • Complex carbohydrates: polysaccharides

    Monosaccharides

    • Definition: simplest sugar molecules formed of one sugar unit, cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units
    • Classified according to:
      • Number of C atoms: trioses (3 C), tetroses (4 C), pentoses (5 C), hexoses (6 C)
      • Active sugar group: aldehyde (aldoses) and ketone (ketoses)
    • Biologically important monosaccharides:
      • Glucose: principal sugar in blood, primary source of energy for tissues, and can be converted to other sugars
      • Fructose: sugar of seminal plasma, used for energy production by sperm
    • Monosaccharides derivatives:
      • Sugar acids: derived from monosaccharides through oxidation, includes aldonic acids and uronic acids
      • Sugar alcohols: derived from monosaccharides through reduction, includes sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol
      • Aminosugars: derived from monosaccharides through replacement of OH group with amino group, includes D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine
      • Deoxysugars: derived from monosaccharides through replacement of OH group with H, includes 2-deoxy-D-ribose, a constituent of DNA

    Disaccharides

    • Definition: carbohydrates formed of two monosaccharide units joined by an O-glycosidic bond
    • Examples: maltose, sucrose, and lactose

    Polysaccharides

    • Definition: carbohydrates formed of more than 10 monosaccharide units
    • Types:
      • Homopolysaccharides: composed of a single type of monosaccharide, includes starch, glycogen, and cellulose
      • Heteropolysaccharides: composed of different types of monosaccharides, includes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and mucopolysaccharides
    • Examples:
      • Starch: composed of α-glucose units, used as mucilage and in infant feeding
      • Glycogen: composed of α-glucose units, used to maintain blood glucose level during fasting
      • Cellulose: composed of β-D-glucose units, structural component of plant cell walls, and used to increase bulk and prevent constipation
      • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): includes heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate, used in various biological functions such as anticoagulation, lubrication, and shock absorption

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the learning outcomes for carbohydrate chemistry, including defining carbohydrates, classifying them, identifying types and functions of mono, di, and polysaccharides, and summarizing their biological importance. A case scenario about a patient named Hossam is also presented.

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