Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy for tissues
Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates?
Containing only one carbon atom
Which type of carbohydrate is responsible for the rapid heartbeats and sweating experienced by the patient in the case scenario?
Monosaccharides
What is the name of the condition experienced by the patient in the case scenario?
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Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates?
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What is the primary reason for studying carbohydrate chemistry?
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What is the primary classification of carbohydrates based on?
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Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
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Monosaccharides are further classified based on which two criteria?
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Which of the following monosaccharides is the principal sugar found in the blood?
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Which type of carbohydrate contains more than 10 sugar units?
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Which of the following monosaccharides is the primary energy source for sperms?
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What is the main function of dextrin as mentioned in the text?
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Why is cellulose not digested in humans?
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Which type of heteropolysaccharide serves as an anticoagulant?
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What is the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) according to the text?
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Which heteropolysaccharide is a component of cell surface lubricant and shock absorbent according to the text?
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What enzyme is absent in humans leading to the non-digestibility of cellulose?
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What is the biological importance of the monosaccharide galactose?
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What are the biological roles of pentoses like ribose?
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What is the biological importance of mannose?
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What are sugar acids?
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What is the principle behind the glucose test strips used to measure glucose levels in urine and blood?
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What is the importance of glucuronic acid in biological systems?
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Which sugar alcohol is a constituent of DNA?
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Which fluid contains the highest concentration of fructose?
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Galactose is a main constituent of which type of sugar?
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Which statement about polysaccharides is true?
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Is the statement 'Pentose is a disaccharide important in RNA' true or false?
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Is Maltose a polysaccharide formed of glucose and fructose? True or false?
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Study Notes
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Classified into two main categories: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates
- Simple carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides
- Complex carbohydrates: polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
- Definition: simplest sugar molecules formed of one sugar unit, cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units
- Classified according to:
- Number of C atoms: trioses (3 C), tetroses (4 C), pentoses (5 C), hexoses (6 C)
- Active sugar group: aldehyde (aldoses) and ketone (ketoses)
- Biologically important monosaccharides:
- Glucose: principal sugar in blood, primary source of energy for tissues, and can be converted to other sugars
- Fructose: sugar of seminal plasma, used for energy production by sperm
- Monosaccharides derivatives:
- Sugar acids: derived from monosaccharides through oxidation, includes aldonic acids and uronic acids
- Sugar alcohols: derived from monosaccharides through reduction, includes sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol
- Aminosugars: derived from monosaccharides through replacement of OH group with amino group, includes D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine
- Deoxysugars: derived from monosaccharides through replacement of OH group with H, includes 2-deoxy-D-ribose, a constituent of DNA
Disaccharides
- Definition: carbohydrates formed of two monosaccharide units joined by an O-glycosidic bond
- Examples: maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Polysaccharides
- Definition: carbohydrates formed of more than 10 monosaccharide units
- Types:
- Homopolysaccharides: composed of a single type of monosaccharide, includes starch, glycogen, and cellulose
- Heteropolysaccharides: composed of different types of monosaccharides, includes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and mucopolysaccharides
- Examples:
- Starch: composed of α-glucose units, used as mucilage and in infant feeding
- Glycogen: composed of α-glucose units, used to maintain blood glucose level during fasting
- Cellulose: composed of β-D-glucose units, structural component of plant cell walls, and used to increase bulk and prevent constipation
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): includes heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate, used in various biological functions such as anticoagulation, lubrication, and shock absorption
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Description
This quiz focuses on the learning outcomes for carbohydrate chemistry, including defining carbohydrates, classifying them, identifying types and functions of mono, di, and polysaccharides, and summarizing their biological importance. A case scenario about a patient named Hossam is also presented.
