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Questions and Answers
What are carbohydrates composed of?
What are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates? (Select all that apply)
Carbohydrates are classified into __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Carbohydrates are classified into __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
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What differentiates enantiomers?
What differentiates enantiomers?
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What is a D-Galactose's relationship to D-Glucose?
What is a D-Galactose's relationship to D-Glucose?
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Which of the following monosaccharides is a major source of energy?
Which of the following monosaccharides is a major source of energy?
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What is the process called when glucose is oxidized to form gluconic acid?
What is the process called when glucose is oxidized to form gluconic acid?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of sugar acid?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sugar acid?
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Study Notes
Level 1, Semester 2 Module
- Module title: Foundation of basic and behavioral sciences
- The module is part of Delta University's Faculty of Medicine program.
Instructor Information
- Instructor: Dr. Nora Mostafa
- Department: Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Email: [email protected]
Carbohydrate Chemistry - Monosaccharides
- Topic: Carbohydrate Chemistry, Monosaccharides
- Lecturer: Dr. Nora Mostafa, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine
- Learning Objectives:
- Define and classify carbohydrates
- Identify the major functions of carbohydrates
- Define and classify monosaccharides
- Describe the structure of monosaccharides
- Describe monosaccharides of biological importance
- Describe stereoisomers
- List sugar derivatives
Definition
- Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of C, H, and O.
- H and O atoms are present in the proportion as in water (H₂O).
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones.
Function of Carbohydrates
- Serve as energy stores and fuels
- Share in cell membrane structure
- Pentose sugars (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose) contribute to the structure of nucleic acids
- Contribute to the structure of glycoproteins and glycolipids
- Play roles in cell recognition
Classification
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars): simplest unit of CHO
- Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharide units
- Oligosaccharides: 3-10 monosaccharide units and their derivatives
- Polysaccharides (glycans): more than 10 monosaccharide units and/or their derivatives
Monosaccharides
- Contain only one sugar unit and cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units.
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙOₙ
- Classified by:
- Number of carbon atoms
- Active carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses, Heptoses
- List of example Aldoses and Ketoses
Monosaccharides of Biological Importance
- Glucose (Dextrose, Grape sugar): Major energy source, convertible to other sugars (e.g., galactose, fructose)
- Fructose (Levulose, Fruit sugar): Present in semen, part of sucrose and inulin formation, and convertible to glucose in the liver
- Galactose: Present in mammary glands, part of lactose formation, and convertible to glucose in the liver
- Ribose and deoxyribose: Part of RNA, DNA, and ATP structure
Sugar Derivatives
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Sugar Acids:
- Aldonic acids: Due to oxidation of the carbonyl group
- Gluconic acid: Formed from glucose by glucose oxidase
- Clinical correlates: Used to measure glucose in urine and blood
- Uronic acids: Due to oxidation of the last carbon (e.g., glucuronic acid from glucose)
- Aldaric acids (saccharic acid): Oxidation of both carbonyl and last hydroxyl carbon
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Sugar alcohols (alditols): Reduction of aldoses and ketoses at the carbonyl carbon (e.g., glucose → sorbitol).
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Deoxysugars: Monosaccharides with one oxygen missed, one hydroxyl group replaced by H (e.g., D-ribose → 2-deoxy-D-ribose)
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Amino-sugars: Hydroxyl group replaced by an amino group (NH₂) at the C2 position (e.g., D-glucose → D-glucosamine)
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Amino-sugar acids: Condensation products of amino sugars and acids (e.g., neuraminic acid)
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Description
Test your knowledge on Carbohydrate Chemistry with a focus on Monosaccharides. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, structures, and functions of carbohydrates as outlined in the Foundation of Basic and Behavioral Sciences module at Delta University. Dive deep into monosaccharides and their biological importance.
