Carbohydrate Chemistry - Monosaccharides Quiz

Level 1, Semester 2 Module

• Module title: Foundation of basic and behavioral sciences
• The module is part of Delta University's Faculty of Medicine program.

Instructor Information

• Instructor: Dr. Nora Mostafa
• Department: Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Email: [email protected]

Carbohydrate Chemistry - Monosaccharides

• Topic: Carbohydrate Chemistry, Monosaccharides
• Lecturer: Dr. Nora Mostafa, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine
• Learning Objectives:
  • Define and classify carbohydrates
  • Identify the major functions of carbohydrates
  • Define and classify monosaccharides
  • Describe the structure of monosaccharides
  • Describe monosaccharides of biological importance
  • Describe stereoisomers
  • List sugar derivatives

Definition

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of C, H, and O.
• H and O atoms are present in the proportion as in water (H₂O).
• Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones.

Function of Carbohydrates

• Serve as energy stores and fuels
• Share in cell membrane structure
• Pentose sugars (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose) contribute to the structure of nucleic acids
• Contribute to the structure of glycoproteins and glycolipids
• Play roles in cell recognition

Classification

• Monosaccharides (simple sugars): simplest unit of CHO
• Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharide units
• Oligosaccharides: 3-10 monosaccharide units and their derivatives
• Polysaccharides (glycans): more than 10 monosaccharide units and/or their derivatives

Monosaccharides

• Contain only one sugar unit and cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units.
• General formula: CₙH₂ₙOₙ
• Classified by:
  • Number of carbon atoms
  • Active carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)

Classification of Monosaccharides

• Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses, Heptoses
• List of example Aldoses and Ketoses

Monosaccharides of Biological Importance

• Glucose (Dextrose, Grape sugar): Major energy source, convertible to other sugars (e.g., galactose, fructose)
• Fructose (Levulose, Fruit sugar): Present in semen, part of sucrose and inulin formation, and convertible to glucose in the liver
• Galactose: Present in mammary glands, part of lactose formation, and convertible to glucose in the liver
• Ribose and deoxyribose: Part of RNA, DNA, and ATP structure

Sugar Derivatives

• Sugar Acids:

  • Aldonic acids: Due to oxidation of the carbonyl group
  • Gluconic acid: Formed from glucose by glucose oxidase
  • Clinical correlates: Used to measure glucose in urine and blood
  • Uronic acids: Due to oxidation of the last carbon (e.g., glucuronic acid from glucose)
  • Aldaric acids (saccharic acid): Oxidation of both carbonyl and last hydroxyl carbon

• Sugar alcohols (alditols): Reduction of aldoses and ketoses at the carbonyl carbon (e.g., glucose → sorbitol).

• Deoxysugars: Monosaccharides with one oxygen missed, one hydroxyl group replaced by H (e.g., D-ribose → 2-deoxy-D-ribose)

• Amino-sugars: Hydroxyl group replaced by an amino group (NH₂) at the C2 position (e.g., D-glucose → D-glucosamine)

• Amino-sugar acids: Condensation products of amino sugars and acids (e.g., neuraminic acid)

Test your knowledge on Carbohydrate Chemistry with a focus on Monosaccharides. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, structures, and functions of carbohydrates as outlined in the Foundation of Basic and Behavioral Sciences module at Delta University. Dive deep into monosaccharides and their biological importance.