Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition occurs when blood glucose concentration falls below 3 mM for an extended period?
What condition occurs when blood glucose concentration falls below 3 mM for an extended period?
Which type of glycosidic bond does α-amilase disrupt?
Which type of glycosidic bond does α-amilase disrupt?
Which transporter is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine?
Which transporter is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine?
What is the typical blood glucose concentration maintained at about 5 mM?
What is the typical blood glucose concentration maintained at about 5 mM?
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Which substance cannot be digested by humans due to beta bonds?
Which substance cannot be digested by humans due to beta bonds?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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Which of the following describes a disaccharide?
Which of the following describes a disaccharide?
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Which term is used to classify carbohydrates containing three or more sugar units?
Which term is used to classify carbohydrates containing three or more sugar units?
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Fructose and glucose are examples of which type of carbohydrates?
Fructose and glucose are examples of which type of carbohydrates?
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What distinguishes aldose sugars from ketose sugars?
What distinguishes aldose sugars from ketose sugars?
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Which polysaccharide is primarily responsible for energy storage in animals?
Which polysaccharide is primarily responsible for energy storage in animals?
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Which of the following carbohydrates is considered a storage polysaccharide?
Which of the following carbohydrates is considered a storage polysaccharide?
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What is a characteristic feature of polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin?
What is a characteristic feature of polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin?
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What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?
What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?
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If a carbohydrate is classified as an aldopentose, how many carbons does it contain?
If a carbohydrate is classified as an aldopentose, how many carbons does it contain?
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What is the primary structural feature of proteoglycans?
What is the primary structural feature of proteoglycans?
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Which statement accurately describes glycoproteins?
Which statement accurately describes glycoproteins?
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What is one of the common functions of glycoproteins in the human body?
What is one of the common functions of glycoproteins in the human body?
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How do glycosaminoglycans contribute to the extracellular matrix?
How do glycosaminoglycans contribute to the extracellular matrix?
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What distinguishes amylose from amylopectin?
What distinguishes amylose from amylopectin?
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What effect does an increased number of branches have on carbohydrate degradation?
What effect does an increased number of branches have on carbohydrate degradation?
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Which component is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?
Which component is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?
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What determines the blood group type in relation to glycoproteins?
What determines the blood group type in relation to glycoproteins?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones)
- They also contain several hydroxyl groups
- Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of sugar units
- The general formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n
- Isomers have the same chemical formula but different structures
Objectives
- Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
- Classify carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides)
- Recognize disaccharides
- Recognize polysaccharides
- Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions
- Explain carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrate Classification
- Monosaccharides: single sugar units
- Aldoses: have an aldehyde group
- Ketoses: have a ketone group
- Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
- Disaccharides: two monosaccharides linked together
- Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
- Polysaccharides: numerous monosaccharides linked together
- Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
- Classification by the number of units:
- Mono, di, oligo, poly
Monosaccharides
- Aldoses have an aldehyde group on carbon 1
- Ketoses have a ketone group on carbon 2
- Classified further by the number of carbon atoms (e.g., trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses)
- Important examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose, fucose
Disaccharides
- Formed by linking two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond
- The glycosidic bond involves the dehydration reaction
- Examples: maltose, sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides
- Formed by linking numerous monosaccharides together
- Examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin
- Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides
- Cellulose and chitin are structural polysaccharides
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates can combine with proteins
- If the carbohydrate is more abundant, it can further modify the properties of the proteins
- Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are examples of proteins linked to carbohydrates
Digestion
- Carbohydrates are broken down to monosaccharides during digestion
- Enzymes such as amylase break down polysaccharides into simpler forms in the mouth & intestine
- Carbohydrates with α-glycosidic bonds are digested easily, such as starch
- Carbohydrates with β-glycosidic bonds are not easily digested in humans, like cellulose
Absorption
- Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream after digestion
- Glucose, galactose are absorbed using a sodium-dependent transporter (SGLT1)
- Fructose is absorbed using a different transporter (GLUT5)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated
- Normal blood glucose levels are crucial for brain function
- High or low blood glucose levels for long periods can lead to health problems
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their general structure and classification into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Participants will explore various examples and understand the functions of carbohydrate-modified proteins and carbohydrate digestion.
