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Questions and Answers
What blood group is present if neither GalNAc nor galactose is found?
What blood group is present if neither GalNAc nor galactose is found?
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of α-amilases.
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of α-amilases.
False
Name the transporter responsible for glucose and galactose absorption in the intestine.
Name the transporter responsible for glucose and galactose absorption in the intestine.
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1)
Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ___ mM (___ mg/dL).
Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ___ mM (___ mg/dL).
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Match the types of glycosidic bonds with their respective carbohydrates:
Match the types of glycosidic bonds with their respective carbohydrates:
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Which component is primarily associated with proteoglycans?
Which component is primarily associated with proteoglycans?
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Glycoproteins typically contain large oligosaccharides attached to proteins.
Glycoproteins typically contain large oligosaccharides attached to proteins.
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What are the main functions of glycoproteins?
What are the main functions of glycoproteins?
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The ability of Glycosaminoglycans to bind large amounts of water contributes to the formation of a __________ matrix.
The ability of Glycosaminoglycans to bind large amounts of water contributes to the formation of a __________ matrix.
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Match the following types of saccharides with their characteristics:
Match the following types of saccharides with their characteristics:
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What determines the blood group A or B?
What determines the blood group A or B?
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More branching in the structure of polysaccharides leads to slower energy production.
More branching in the structure of polysaccharides leads to slower energy production.
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What are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
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Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?
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Fructose and glucose are examples of isomers.
Fructose and glucose are examples of isomers.
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What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide?
What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide?
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The general formula for carbohydrates is (C.H2O)______.
The general formula for carbohydrates is (C.H2O)______.
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What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?
What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?
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Match the carbohydrate types with their functions:
Match the carbohydrate types with their functions:
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Polysaccharides can only serve structural functions.
Polysaccharides can only serve structural functions.
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Name one example of a storage polysaccharide.
Name one example of a storage polysaccharide.
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A ____________ is a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit.
A ____________ is a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of polysaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of polysaccharides?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) containing several hydroxyl groups.
- The general formula is (C⋅H₂O)ₙ
- Carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of monosaccharide units:
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate Objectives
- Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
- Classify carbohydrates
- Recognize disaccharides
- Recognize polysaccharides
- Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions
- Explain carbohydrate digestion
Monosaccharides
- Simplest carbohydrate units
- Classified by the number of carbon atoms (e.g., trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses) and type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)
- Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose
- Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures (e.g., glucose and fructose).
Disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond
- Examples:
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Lactose (glucose + galactose)
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Polysaccharides
- Multiple monosaccharides linked together
- Classification based on functions:
- Storage polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen)
- Structural polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, chitin)
- Have the general role of providing energy for the body.
Digestion of Carbohydrates
- Enzymes break down complex carbohydrates into simpler units
- Location: Mouth, small intestine
- Alpha glycosidic bonds (starch) are easier to digest as opposed to beta glycosidic bonds, which are hard to digest.
- Enzymes in the digestion process break down the glycosidic bonds into monosaccharides, allowing absorption into the bloodstream and providing energy to the body.
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates can bond to proteins to form glycoproteins or proteoglycans
- Proteoglycans have a core protein with glycosaminoglycans attached
- Glycoproteins are protein-carbohydrate complexes (glycosylation)
- Carbohydrates can influence protein function and location
Glycosaminoglycans
- Negatively charged heteropolysaccharides
- Component of the extracellular matrix
Glycogen
- Storage form of glucose in animals
- Highly branched structure for quick energy release
Starch
- Storage form of glucose in plants
- Linear and branched structures
Carbohydrate Absorption
- Small intestine absorbs monosaccharides from digested carbohydrates.
- Different transporters are used for different monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are taken up through the intestine and released into the blood stream to reach different parts of body.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Blood glucose levels are tightly controlled at approximately 5 mM (90 mg/dL) in healthy individuals.
- Glucose is essential for normal brain function.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates, including their structure, classification, and types such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. You will explore carbohydrate-modified proteins and their functions, alongside the digestion process of carbohydrates. Test your understanding of these essential biomolecules!
