Carbohydrates Overview and Classification

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Questions and Answers

What blood group is present if neither GalNAc nor galactose is found?

  • AB
  • A
  • B
  • O (correct)

Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of α-amilases.

False (B)

Name the transporter responsible for glucose and galactose absorption in the intestine.

Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1)

Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ___ mM (___ mg/dL).

<p>5, 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of glycosidic bonds with their respective carbohydrates:

<p>Starch = Alpha glycosidic bonds Cellulose = Beta glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily associated with proteoglycans?

<p>Core protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycoproteins typically contain large oligosaccharides attached to proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of glycoproteins?

<p>Cell-surface recognition, antigenicity, extracellular matrix components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of Glycosaminoglycans to bind large amounts of water contributes to the formation of a __________ matrix.

<p>gel-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of saccharides with their characteristics:

<p>Starch = Polysaccharide made of amylose and amylopectin Proteoglycan = Rich in negatively charged GAGs Glycoprotein = Rich in protein with short oligosaccharides Glycosaminoglycan = Ability to bind water and form gel-like structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the blood group A or B?

<p>Type of terminal sugar on the glycan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More branching in the structure of polysaccharides leads to slower energy production.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

<p>Collagen, elastin, fibrillin-1, fibronectin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?

<p>Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fructose and glucose are examples of isomers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide?

<p>glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

The general formula for carbohydrates is (C.H2O)______.

<p>n</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?

<p>Aldoses contain an aldehyde group, while ketoses contain a ketone group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the carbohydrate types with their functions:

<p>Glycogen = Storage Cellulose = Structural Starch = Storage Chitin = Structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polysaccharides can only serve structural functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a storage polysaccharide.

<p>glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ____________ is a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit.

<p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of polysaccharides?

<p>They are long chains of monosaccharide units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Carbohydrates?

A group of carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones that also contain multiple hydroxyl groups.

How are carbohydrates classified?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.

What is a monosaccharide?

A simple sugar with a single monomer unit.

What is a disaccharide?

A sugar molecule with two monomer units joined by a glycosidic bond.

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What is a polysaccharide?

A complex carbohydrate with many monomer units linked together.

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What is an aldose?

A monosaccharide with an aldehyde group.

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What is a ketose?

A monosaccharide with a ketone group.

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What is a glycosidic bond?

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide molecules.

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What is glycogen?

A type of polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals.

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What is carbohydrate digestion?

The process of breaking down carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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Glucosidase Enzymes

Enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates, essential for digestion.

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Cellulose

A complex sugar with many glucose units linked by beta glycosidic bonds. It can't be digested by humans.

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Alpha-Amylase

The enzyme that breaks down alpha (1->4) glycosidic bonds in starch, initiating carbohydrate digestion.

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SGLT-1 (Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter)

This transporter protein in intestinal cells absorbs glucose and galactose, using the energy of sodium transport.

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Blood Glucose Concentration

The normal blood glucose concentration, maintained by the body for optimal brain function.

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Starch

A type of polysaccharide that is a major energy storage form in plants. It is composed of two types of glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin.

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Amylose

A linear, unbranched chain of glucose molecules. It makes up about 20% of starch.

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Amylopectin

A branched chain of glucose molecules. More branches mean more ends for enzymes to work on, allowing for faster energy release.

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Proteoglycan

A large molecule composed of a core protein attached to long, negatively charged polysaccharide chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Long, unbranched polysaccharide chains found in proteoglycans. They have a high negative charge and attract water, forming a gel-like matrix.

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Glycoprotein

A protein with short, branched sugar chains attached to it. It plays a crucial role in various cellular functions.

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Glycosylation

The process of adding sugar molecules to a protein. This is a common modification that occurs after a protein is made.

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Glycoprotein Functions

Glycoprotein function is associated with cell-surface recognition, cell-surface antigenicity, ECM components, and mucin production in the gut and urinary tract.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates Overview

  • Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) containing several hydroxyl groups.
  • The general formula is (Câ‹…Hâ‚‚O)â‚™
  • Carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of monosaccharide units:
    • Monosaccharides
    • Disaccharides
    • Oligosaccharides
    • Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Objectives

  • Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
  • Classify carbohydrates
  • Recognize disaccharides
  • Recognize polysaccharides
  • Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions
  • Explain carbohydrate digestion

Monosaccharides

  • Simplest carbohydrate units
  • Classified by the number of carbon atoms (e.g., trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses) and type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)
  • Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose
  • Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures (e.g., glucose and fructose).

Disaccharides

  • Two monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond
  • Examples:
    • Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
    • Lactose (glucose + galactose)
    • Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Polysaccharides

  • Multiple monosaccharides linked together
  • Classification based on functions:
    • Storage polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen)
    • Structural polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, chitin)
  • Have the general role of providing energy for the body.

Digestion of Carbohydrates

  • Enzymes break down complex carbohydrates into simpler units
  • Location: Mouth, small intestine
  • Alpha glycosidic bonds (starch) are easier to digest as opposed to beta glycosidic bonds, which are hard to digest.
  • Enzymes in the digestion process break down the glycosidic bonds into monosaccharides, allowing absorption into the bloodstream and providing energy to the body.

Protein-Carbohydrate Structures

  • Carbohydrates can bond to proteins to form glycoproteins or proteoglycans
  • Proteoglycans have a core protein with glycosaminoglycans attached
  • Glycoproteins are protein-carbohydrate complexes (glycosylation)
  • Carbohydrates can influence protein function and location

Glycosaminoglycans

  • Negatively charged heteropolysaccharides
  • Component of the extracellular matrix

Glycogen

  • Storage form of glucose in animals
  • Highly branched structure for quick energy release

Starch

  • Storage form of glucose in plants
  • Linear and branched structures

Carbohydrate Absorption

  • Small intestine absorbs monosaccharides from digested carbohydrates.
  • Different transporters are used for different monosaccharides
  • Monosaccharides are taken up through the intestine and released into the blood stream to reach different parts of body.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • Blood glucose levels are tightly controlled at approximately 5 mM (90 mg/dL) in healthy individuals.
  • Glucose is essential for normal brain function.

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