Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the blood group when neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
What is the blood group when neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
Humans can digest cellulose due to enzymes present in the mouth.
Humans can digest cellulose due to enzymes present in the mouth.
False
What is the primary transport mechanism for glucose and galactose absorption in the intestine?
What is the primary transport mechanism for glucose and galactose absorption in the intestine?
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1)
Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about _____ mM (_____ mg/dL).
Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about _____ mM (_____ mg/dL).
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Match the following transporters with the substances they transport:
Match the following transporters with the substances they transport:
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What type of carbohydrate is known for its ability to bind large amounts of water and forms a gel-like matrix?
What type of carbohydrate is known for its ability to bind large amounts of water and forms a gel-like matrix?
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Proteoglycans are protein-rich structures that contain long disaccharide units.
Proteoglycans are protein-rich structures that contain long disaccharide units.
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What is the role of glycoproteins in cellular functions?
What is the role of glycoproteins in cellular functions?
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The primary structural difference between proteoglycans and glycoproteins is that glycoproteins are _____ rich.
The primary structural difference between proteoglycans and glycoproteins is that glycoproteins are _____ rich.
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Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
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In the context of blood group determination, if the terminal sugar on the glycan is galactose, which blood group is indicated?
In the context of blood group determination, if the terminal sugar on the glycan is galactose, which blood group is indicated?
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Glycosylation is the least common posttranslational modification of proteins.
Glycosylation is the least common posttranslational modification of proteins.
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What structural components are associated with proteoglycans?
What structural components are associated with proteoglycans?
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Which type of carbohydrate contains two monosaccharides?
Which type of carbohydrate contains two monosaccharides?
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All carbohydrates have the same general formula of (C.H2O)n.
All carbohydrates have the same general formula of (C.H2O)n.
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What are the two main types of carbonyl groups found in monosaccharides?
What are the two main types of carbonyl groups found in monosaccharides?
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The process of breaking down carbohydrates in the body is known as _______.
The process of breaking down carbohydrates in the body is known as _______.
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Match the following types of polysaccharides with their primary function:
Match the following types of polysaccharides with their primary function:
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Which of the following is a six-carbon monosaccharide?
Which of the following is a six-carbon monosaccharide?
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Chitin is a type of storage polysaccharide.
Chitin is a type of storage polysaccharide.
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What is the suffix commonly used to indicate carbohydrates?
What is the suffix commonly used to indicate carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of _______ atoms they contain.
Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of _______ atoms they contain.
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Which of the following pairs produce a disaccharide through a glycosidic bond?
Which of the following pairs produce a disaccharide through a glycosidic bond?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also contain several hydroxyl groups.
- The general formula for carbohydrates is (CH₂O)ₙ.
- Isomers have the same chemical formula, but different structures. Fructose and glucose have the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆).
Carbohydrate Objectives
- Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates.
- Classify carbohydrates.
- Recognize disaccharides.
- Recognize polysaccharides.
- Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions.
- Explain carbohydrate digestion.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Classification is based on the number of monomer units:
- Monosaccharides (single unit)
- Disaccharides (two units)
- Oligosaccharides (few units)
- Polysaccharides (many units)
- The suffix "-ose" is added to the name of most carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
- Classified by:
- Number of carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, etc.)
- Type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)
- Examples:
- Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose.
Disaccharides
- Formed by the combination of two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond.
- Examples:
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Lactose (galactose + glucose)
Polysaccharides
- Formed by the combination of many monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds.
- They are important for energy storage and structural support.
- Examples:
- Starch (energy storage in plants)
- Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
- Cellulose (structural component in plant cell walls)
- Chitin (structural component in insect exoskeletons)
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates and proteins can combine to form glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
- Glycoproteins have a protein core with attached carbohydrate chains.
- Proteoglycans have a protein core with long, negatively charged carbohydrate chains (glycosaminoglycans) attached.
Digestion
- Enzymes called glycosidases break down glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates during digestion.
- Humans cannot digest cellulose because it has β-glycosidic bonds, which our enzymes cannot break down.
- Alpha-amylase is instrumental in starch digestion in the mouth
- Intestinal disaccharidases, and other enzymes break down disaccharides and other carbohydrates into monosaccharides for absorption.
Absorption
- Monosaccharides are absorbed into the intestinal cells via active transport (some) and facilitated diffusion (some).
- Important transport proteins for glucose and galactose are SGLT-1, while GLUT-2, 5 are for other transport methods.
- These monosaccharides are then transported to the blood stream for use in the body.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated.
- Normal levels are about 5 mM (90 mg/dL).
- Low levels lead to confusion and coma
- High levels result in significant issues
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates, including their structure, classification, and functions. You'll learn about various types of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, as well as their roles in biological processes. Test your knowledge on carbohydrate digestion and modified protein structures.
