Carbohydrates in Biology
20 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply) What are the three main types of carbohydrates?

  • Polysaccharides (correct)
  • Monosaccharides (correct)
  • trisaccharides
  • Disaccharides (correct)

Carbohydrates are primarily made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

True (A)

What is the primary energy storage in plants?

starch

The process of breaking down a disaccharide into two monosaccharides is called ______.

<p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source of the body?

<p>glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease?

<p>saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

<p>Phospholipids have a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of proteins?

<p>Store genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in the body?

<p>Enzymes act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these types of proteins are involved in transmitting signals between cells and organs?

<p>Messenger proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system is commonly used to determine the energy content of food based on its macronutrient composition.

<p>Atwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Atwater System assigns a value of 9 kcal per gram of fat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a reliable result?

<p>High accuracy and high precision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science is a static field with unchanging facts and principles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be intellectually honest in science?

<p>To acknowledge others' work and report all evidence, even if it contradicts expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key domain of science identified by scientists?

<p>Science as a Way of Accepting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of data tables and graphs in science?

<p>To organize and visualize data, making it easier to understand and interpret trends, comparisons, and proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SI system is based on powers of 10, while the Imperial system uses a more inconsistent system of units.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. They serve as energy sources and storage (sugars, starches) and have structural functions (e.g., cellulose).

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates. They cannot be broken down further into simpler carbohydrate molecules.

Disaccharides

Sugars formed by joining two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction (synthesis).

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of multiple monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycosidic Bond

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction, linking them to form disaccharides or polysaccharides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dehydration Reaction

A chemical reaction where a water molecule is removed, joining two monomers (like monosaccharides) to form a larger molecule (like a disaccharide).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrolysis Reaction

A chemical reaction where a water molecule is added, breaking a larger molecule (like a disaccharide) into its smaller monomers (like monosaccharides).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucose

A monosaccharide found in blood, serving as the main energy source for the body. Found in plants and animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fructose

A monosaccharide commonly found in plants, particularly in fruits, some vegetables, and honey. Known as 'fruit sugar.'

Signup and view all the flashcards

Galactose

A monosaccharide naturally present in mammalian milk and milk products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Starch

A polysaccharide that is the primary energy storage in plants, found in roots, fruits, and seeds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that provides structural support for plant cell walls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that is the primary storage form of carbohydrates in mammals, stored in the liver and muscles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipids

Organic compounds primarily made of carbon, hydrogen, and a small amount of oxygen. They are non-polar and do not dissolve in water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Triglycerides

The primary energy reservoir, composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. Found in oils and fats.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fatty Acids

Long chains of hydrocarbons that are components of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saturated Fats

Fatty acids with no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, generally solid at room temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unsaturated Fats

Fatty acids with at least one double bond in their hydrocarbon chains, generally liquid at room temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats that have been partially hydrogenated, making them solid at room temperature. Often found in processed foods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipids

Lipids that have a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid, forming a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids forming the basis of cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proteins

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. They are the most diverse biomolecules in terms of structure and function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amino Acids

Monomers that make up proteins. There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Messenger Proteins

Proteins that transmit signals between cells and organs to regulate body functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structural Proteins

Proteins that provide support, protection, structure, and movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transport Proteins

Proteins that carry essential substances throughout the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Defense Proteins

Proteins that are part of the immune system, helping to identify and neutralize foreign invaders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are compounds primarily made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1.
  • Carbohydrates are a source and storage of energy, and may have structural roles.
  • They are essential for brain and muscle function.
  • Carbohydrates are vital for maintaining blood sugar levels.

Biological Functions of Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates provide structural support in plants.
  • Carbohydrates are sweet and soluble in water.
  • They lower water potential by increasing solute concentration, causing water to move via osmosis.
  • They are an immediate energy source for short bursts of activity.

Monosaccharides

  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further.
  • They are the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.
  • Glucose is the primary energy source for the body, found in plants and animals.
  • Fructose is commonly found in fruits and vegetables.
  • Galactose is found in mammalian milk and milk products.

Disaccharides

  • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join via dehydration reactions.
  • A glycosidic bond is formed.
  • Disaccharides can be broken down by hydrolysis.
  • Examples include maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (fructose + glucose), and lactose (galactose + glucose).

Polysaccharides

  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides.
  • These are held together by glycosidic bonds.
  • Starch is the primary energy storage in plants.
  • Cellulose provides structural support for plant cell walls.
  • Glycogen is the primary carbohydrate storage in mammals.

Lipids

  • Lipids are organic compounds mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and a small amount of oxygen.
  • They are non-polar and do not dissolve in water.
  • Lipids include triglycerides (primary energy reservoirs), and phospholipids (cell membrane structure).

Triglycerides

  • Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
  • Dehydration reactions form ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Hydrolysis breaks down triglycerides by adding water.

Types of Fatty Acids

  • Saturated fats: No double bonds, solid at room temperature, found in animal products, and increase heart disease risk.
  • Unsaturated fats: At least one double bond, liquid at room temperature, found in plant-based foods, and can lower cholesterol.

Trans Fats

  • Formed by hydrogenation of liquid oils.
  • Found in processed foods.
  • Increase bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol, raise heart disease risk.

Phospholipids

  • Similar to triglycerides but with a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid.
  • Have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails.
  • Form a bilayer in water, crucial for cell membrane structure, serving as a barrier for molecule passage.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Carbohydrates, Lipids & Fats - Science Notes PDF

Description

Explore the essential role of carbohydrates in biology with this quiz. Learn about their structure, function, and importance for energy and health. Test your understanding of monosaccharides and their role as building blocks for complex carbohydrates.

More Like This

Unit 3: Carbohydrates
35 questions

Unit 3: Carbohydrates

GorgeousBowenite5825 avatar
GorgeousBowenite5825
Carbohydrates Overview
34 questions

Carbohydrates Overview

SuppleVoice avatar
SuppleVoice
Carbohydrates Overview
45 questions

Carbohydrates Overview

SharpestParrot529 avatar
SharpestParrot529
Biochem 7.1 Monosaccharides: Characteristics and Functions
52 questions

Biochem 7.1 Monosaccharides: Characteristics and Functions

iiScholar avatar
iiScholar
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser