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Questions and Answers
What is the percentage of pyranose in the equilibrium mixture?
What is the percentage of pyranose in the equilibrium mixture?
- 25%
- 75%
- 50%
- 99% (correct)
What is the result of the reaction between a hydroxyl group of C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1?
What is the result of the reaction between a hydroxyl group of C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1?
- Formation of a pyranose ring (correct)
- Creation of a new carbon atom
- Formation of an open chain structure
- Breakdown of glucose into two molecules
What is the significance of the ring closing reaction in terms of carbon C-1?
What is the significance of the ring closing reaction in terms of carbon C-1?
- It makes carbon C-1 chiral (correct)
- It breaks the carbon C-1 bond
- It creates a new bond with carbon C-5
- It makes carbon C-1 achiral
What is the byproduct of fermentation in yeast?
What is the byproduct of fermentation in yeast?
What is the arrangement of -CH2OH and -OH on carbon C-1 in the cis arrangement?
What is the arrangement of -CH2OH and -OH on carbon C-1 in the cis arrangement?
What is the molecule that bends over in solution to form a ring structure?
What is the molecule that bends over in solution to form a ring structure?
Where does the aerobic breakdown of glucose take place?
Where does the aerobic breakdown of glucose take place?
What is the general term for the form of glucose shown in the figure?
What is the general term for the form of glucose shown in the figure?
What is the purpose of insulin in the body?
What is the purpose of insulin in the body?
What is the percentage of the open chain form in the equilibrium mixture?
What is the percentage of the open chain form in the equilibrium mixture?
What happens to excess glucose in the liver and muscles?
What happens to excess glucose in the liver and muscles?
What is the function of glucagon?
What is the function of glucagon?
What is the result of the reaction between the hydroxyl group of C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1 in terms of the structure of glucose?
What is the result of the reaction between the hydroxyl group of C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1 in terms of the structure of glucose?
What is the energy source for brain cells?
What is the energy source for brain cells?
What is the result of glycosylation on enzymes?
What is the result of glycosylation on enzymes?
What is the significance of the low rate of glycosylation in the presence of glucose?
What is the significance of the low rate of glycosylation in the presence of glucose?
What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharide sugars in a disaccharide?
What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharide sugars in a disaccharide?
What is the byproduct of the synthesis process in the formation of disaccharides?
What is the byproduct of the synthesis process in the formation of disaccharides?
What is the type of reaction that forms a disaccharide?
What is the type of reaction that forms a disaccharide?
What is formed when a hydroxyl group on C-1 of a glucose molecule reacts with a hydroxyl group on C-2 of fructose?
What is formed when a hydroxyl group on C-1 of a glucose molecule reacts with a hydroxyl group on C-2 of fructose?
What is the term for the bond formed between carbon 1 (C1) of one hexose sugar and carbon 4 (C4) of the second sugar unit?
What is the term for the bond formed between carbon 1 (C1) of one hexose sugar and carbon 4 (C4) of the second sugar unit?
What is the type of disaccharide formed by joining two α-glucose molecules?
What is the type of disaccharide formed by joining two α-glucose molecules?
What is the term for the removal of a water molecule in the formation of a disaccharide?
What is the term for the removal of a water molecule in the formation of a disaccharide?
What is the bond referred to in the formation of a disaccharide?
What is the bond referred to in the formation of a disaccharide?
What is the first step in the conversion of glucose to energy?
What is the first step in the conversion of glucose to energy?
What is the main function of cellulose in plants?
What is the main function of cellulose in plants?
What is the difference between glucose and glycogen as energy sources?
What is the difference between glucose and glycogen as energy sources?
What is the composition of cellulose?
What is the composition of cellulose?
What is the approximate range of glucose units in natural cellulose chains?
What is the approximate range of glucose units in natural cellulose chains?
What is the main component of wood?
What is the main component of wood?
What is the main component of cotton?
What is the main component of cotton?
What is the structure of cellulose?
What is the structure of cellulose?
What is the main difference between the structure of cellulose and chitin?
What is the main difference between the structure of cellulose and chitin?
What type of linkage is present in the polymer of chitin?
What type of linkage is present in the polymer of chitin?
What is the functional group attached to carbon C-2 in chitin?
What is the functional group attached to carbon C-2 in chitin?
What is the repeating unit in the polymer of chitin?
What is the repeating unit in the polymer of chitin?
What is the side chain attached to the nitrogen atom in chitin?
What is the side chain attached to the nitrogen atom in chitin?
How many -OH groups are present in each repeating unit of chitin?
How many -OH groups are present in each repeating unit of chitin?
What is the molecular structure of chitin similar to?
What is the molecular structure of chitin similar to?
What is the main function of chitin in nature?
What is the main function of chitin in nature?
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Study Notes
Glucose
- Glucose is a hexose sugar that can exist in both open chain and cyclic forms.
- In solution, glucose is in equilibrium with several cyclic isomers, but primarily exists as a pyranose ring (99%).
- The pyranose ring is formed through a reaction between a hydroxyl group on C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1.
Structural Forms of Glucose
- The open chain form of glucose is in equilibrium with its cyclic isomers.
- The cyclic forms of glucose can exist as either pyranose (more common) or furanose rings.
- The pyranose ring can have a cis or trans arrangement of the -CH2OH and -OH groups on carbon C-1.
Breakdown of Glucose
- Glucose can be broken down through fermentation (in the absence of oxygen) or aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen).
- Fermentation produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, while aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.
Biological Relevance of Glucose
- Glucose is an important energy source for cells, particularly brain cells.
- The digestive system breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Insulin and glucagon hormones regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake and storage in cells.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed through condensation reactions between two monosaccharide sugars.
- The synthesis process involves the formation of a glycosidic bond between carbon 1 of one sugar and carbon 4 of the second sugar.
- Common disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
Maltose
- Maltose is a disaccharide formed by joining two α-glucose molecules through a condensation reaction.
- The reaction removes water and forms an α 1-4 glycosidic bond between the two glucose units.
Cellulose
- Cellulose is a polymer of cellobiose molecules, used for structural support in plant cell walls.
- It is an important polysaccharide found in wood, cotton, and paper.
- Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of glucose units, with a molecular weight ranging from 2,000 to 14,000 glucose units.
Chitin
- Chitin is a polymer of modified glucose units, similar in structure to cellulose.
- It is found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, and is a major component of fungal cell walls.
- Chitin is composed of repeating units of modified glucose molecules linked through β 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
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