Glucose Structure and Reaction
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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of pyranose in the equilibrium mixture?

  • 25%
  • 75%
  • 50%
  • 99% (correct)

    • What is the result of the reaction between a hydroxyl group of C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1?

  • Formation of a pyranose ring (correct)
  • Creation of a new carbon atom
  • Formation of an open chain structure
  • Breakdown of glucose into two molecules

    • What is the significance of the ring closing reaction in terms of carbon C-1?

  • It makes carbon C-1 chiral (correct)
  • It breaks the carbon C-1 bond
  • It creates a new bond with carbon C-5
  • It makes carbon C-1 achiral

    • What is the byproduct of fermentation in yeast?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of -CH2OH and -OH on carbon C-1 in the cis arrangement?

    <p>They are on opposite sides of the plane of the ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule that bends over in solution to form a ring structure?

    <p>D-Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the aerobic breakdown of glucose take place?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for the form of glucose shown in the figure?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of insulin in the body?

    <p>To decrease blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the open chain form in the equilibrium mixture?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess glucose in the liver and muscles?

    <p>It is stored as glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucagon?

    <p>To increase blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between the hydroxyl group of C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1 in terms of the structure of glucose?

    <p>Formation of a cyclic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source for brain cells?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of glycosylation on enzymes?

    <p>It destroys their function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the low rate of glycosylation in the presence of glucose?

    <p>It reduces the occurrence of long-term health complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharide sugars in a disaccharide?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the synthesis process in the formation of disaccharides?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction that forms a disaccharide?

    <p>Condensation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a hydroxyl group on C-1 of a glucose molecule reacts with a hydroxyl group on C-2 of fructose?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bond formed between carbon 1 (C1) of one hexose sugar and carbon 4 (C4) of the second sugar unit?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of disaccharide formed by joining two α-glucose molecules?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the removal of a water molecule in the formation of a disaccharide?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond referred to in the formation of a disaccharide?

    <p>Oxygen bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the conversion of glucose to energy?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cellulose in plants?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between glucose and glycogen as energy sources?

    <p>Glucose requires more energy to convert to energy, while glycogen requires less energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of cellulose?

    <p>A polymer of a chain of cellobiose molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of glucose units in natural cellulose chains?

    <p>2000 to 14000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of wood?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of cotton?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of cellulose?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the structure of cellulose and chitin?

    <p>The replacement of -OH on carbon C-2 with -NH.CO.CH3 in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage is present in the polymer of chitin?

    <p>1,4- linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group attached to carbon C-2 in chitin?

    <p>-NH.CO.CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the repeating unit in the polymer of chitin?

    <p>Modified glucose unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the side chain attached to the nitrogen atom in chitin?

    <p>-NH.CO.CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many -OH groups are present in each repeating unit of chitin?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular structure of chitin similar to?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chitin in nature?

    <p>Not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glucose

    • Glucose is a hexose sugar that can exist in both open chain and cyclic forms.
    • In solution, glucose is in equilibrium with several cyclic isomers, but primarily exists as a pyranose ring (99%).
    • The pyranose ring is formed through a reaction between a hydroxyl group on C-5 and the carbonyl oxygen on C-1.

    Structural Forms of Glucose

    • The open chain form of glucose is in equilibrium with its cyclic isomers.
    • The cyclic forms of glucose can exist as either pyranose (more common) or furanose rings.
    • The pyranose ring can have a cis or trans arrangement of the -CH2OH and -OH groups on carbon C-1.

    Breakdown of Glucose

    • Glucose can be broken down through fermentation (in the absence of oxygen) or aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen).
    • Fermentation produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, while aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.

    Biological Relevance of Glucose

    • Glucose is an important energy source for cells, particularly brain cells.
    • The digestive system breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream.
    • Insulin and glucagon hormones regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake and storage in cells.

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are formed through condensation reactions between two monosaccharide sugars.
    • The synthesis process involves the formation of a glycosidic bond between carbon 1 of one sugar and carbon 4 of the second sugar.
    • Common disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

    Maltose

    • Maltose is a disaccharide formed by joining two α-glucose molecules through a condensation reaction.
    • The reaction removes water and forms an α 1-4 glycosidic bond between the two glucose units.

    Cellulose

    • Cellulose is a polymer of cellobiose molecules, used for structural support in plant cell walls.
    • It is an important polysaccharide found in wood, cotton, and paper.
    • Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of glucose units, with a molecular weight ranging from 2,000 to 14,000 glucose units.

    Chitin

    • Chitin is a polymer of modified glucose units, similar in structure to cellulose.
    • It is found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, and is a major component of fungal cell walls.
    • Chitin is composed of repeating units of modified glucose molecules linked through β 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

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    Description

    This quiz is about the structure of D-Glucose and its reaction with a hydroxyl group in a solution. It involves understanding the molecular composition of glucose and its properties.

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