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Questions and Answers
What constitutes a disaccharide?
What constitutes a disaccharide?
- Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (correct)
- Three monosaccharides linked together
- One amino acid and one monosaccharide
- Two fatty acids linked together
Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a reducing sugar?
Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a reducing sugar?
- Raffinose
- Lactose (correct)
- Sucrose
- Isomaltose (correct)
Which disaccharide is made up of one glucose and one fructose unit?
Which disaccharide is made up of one glucose and one fructose unit?
- Sucrose (correct)
- Lactose
- Galactose
- Maltose
What enzyme hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose?
What enzyme hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose?
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-reducing disaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-reducing disaccharides?
What symptom may indicate lactose intolerance in adults?
What symptom may indicate lactose intolerance in adults?
How many monosaccharide units are required to classify a carbohydrate as a polysaccharide?
How many monosaccharide units are required to classify a carbohydrate as a polysaccharide?
What is the result of hydrolyzing sucrose?
What is the result of hydrolyzing sucrose?
Which type of polysaccharide contains only one type of monosaccharide unit?
Which type of polysaccharide contains only one type of monosaccharide unit?
What is the storage form of glucose in animal liver and muscles?
What is the storage form of glucose in animal liver and muscles?
Which component of starch forms about 80% of its structure?
Which component of starch forms about 80% of its structure?
What type of glycosidic bond links glucose residues in cellulose?
What type of glycosidic bond links glucose residues in cellulose?
What is a primary difference between amylose and amylopectin?
What is a primary difference between amylose and amylopectin?
What type of glucose units does glycogen consist of?
What type of glucose units does glycogen consist of?
What is the function of cellulose in the human intestine?
What is the function of cellulose in the human intestine?
Which polysaccharide serves as the structural component in plants?
Which polysaccharide serves as the structural component in plants?
Which component of starch is hydrolyzed by amylase to yield maltose and isomaltose units?
Which component of starch is hydrolyzed by amylase to yield maltose and isomaltose units?
Which type of glucose does cellulose consist of?
Which type of glucose does cellulose consist of?
What is the primary linkage pattern in glycogen?
What is the primary linkage pattern in glycogen?
What is the main occurrence site of glycogen in organisms?
What is the main occurrence site of glycogen in organisms?
What distinguishes amylose from amylopectin in starch?
What distinguishes amylose from amylopectin in starch?
What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid in the body?
What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid in the body?
Which of the following GAGs is classified as sulfate-free?
Which of the following GAGs is classified as sulfate-free?
What role does chondroitin sulfate play in the body?
What role does chondroitin sulfate play in the body?
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Study Notes
Disaccharides
- Definition: Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.
- Classification:
- Reducing disaccharides: contain a free anomeric carbon, capable of reducing other compounds. Examples: maltose, isomaltose, lactose.
- Non-reducing disaccharides: do not have a free anomeric carbon. Examples: sucrose.
- Maltose: Composed of two glucose units. Hydrolyzed by maltase into two glucose molecules.
- Lactose: Composed of one galactose and one glucose unit. Hydrolyzed by lactase into galactose and glucose.
- Lactose Intolerance: Some individuals lack lactase, leading to digestive issues after dairy consumption.
- Sucrose: Composed of one glucose and one fructose unit. Non-reducing due to involvement of both aldehyde and ketone groups in glycosidic linkage. Hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and fructose.
Polysaccharides
- Definition: Condensation products of more than 10 monosaccharide units.
- Classification:
- Homopolysaccharides: Contain only one type of monosaccharide. Classified by their building units:
- Glucans: Formed from Glucose units; examples include glycogen, starch, cellulose.
- Fructans: Formed from Fructose units; example is inulin.
- Heteropolysaccharides: Contain two or more different monosaccharide units.
- Homopolysaccharides: Contain only one type of monosaccharide. Classified by their building units:
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles of animals. Highly branched structure, with 1,6 branch linkages every 8-10 residues.
- Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants. Composed of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) polymers of glucose.
- Cellulose: Linear polysaccharide of glucose units linked by β 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Humans cannot digest cellulose due to lack of β amylase. Provides bulk in the digestive system.
- Heteropolysaccharides
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Contain amino sugars. Classified as:
- Sulfate-free GAGs: Hyaluronic acid
- Sulfate-containing GAGs: Chondroitin sulfate, Dermatan sulfate, Keratan sulfate, Heparin.
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Contain amino sugars. Classified as:
- Hyaluronic acid: Lubricant and shock absorbent present in synovial fluid, vitreous humor, and other tissues.
- Chondroitin sulfate: Most abundant GAG, present in cartilage, ligaments, and other tissues. Maintains skeletal shape and compressibility of cartilage.
- Heparin: Anticoagulant found in mast cells (lung, liver, arterial wall).
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