Biochemistry: Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
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Questions and Answers

What type of fats are typically solid at room temperature?

  • Unsaturated fats
  • Phospholipids
  • Saturated fats (correct)
  • Trans fats

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of unsaturated fats?

  • They have fatty acids that can contain double bonds. (correct)
  • They contribute less to cardiovascular disease than saturated fats.
  • Most animal fats are classified as unsaturated.
  • They are solid at room temperature.

    • What is the process of hydrogenation primarily used for?

  • To convert saturated fats into oils
  • To convert unsaturated fats into saturated fats (correct)
  • To break down saturated fats
  • To enhance the nutritional value of fats

    • Which of the following fatty acids must be acquired through diet due to the body not synthesizing them?

    <p>Omega-3 fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fats in the human body?

    <p>Store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component forms the basic structure of a nucleotide?

    <p>A sugar and a phosphate group only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide?

    <p>Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT a pyrimidine?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many rings comprise purine nitrogenous bases?

    <p>One six-membered ring and one five-membered ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of the sugar-phosphate backbone in nucleic acids?

    <p>Includes nitrogenous bases as side groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the –OH group on the 3' carbon in nucleotide linking?

    <p>It links to the phosphate of the next nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the sequence of bases in a DNA or mRNA polymer?

    <p>It varies for each polynucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is involved in the synthesis of maltose from glucose?

    <p>Dehydration reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary roles of polysaccharides?

    <p>Storage and structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes starch?

    <p>It is a polymer made exclusively of glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is glycogen primarily stored in humans?

    <p>Liver and muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cellulose from starch?

    <p>Cellulose has different glycosidic linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest form of starch?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two ring forms of glucose influence the glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides?

    <p>Alpha and beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of plant cells is cellulose primarily associated with?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?

    <p>To act as catalysts for chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are polypeptides formed?

    <p>By the linkage of amino acids via peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amino acids is true?

    <p>Amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a protein?

    <p>One or more polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of side chains leads to polar and hydrophilic properties in amino acids?

    <p>Electrically charged side chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the various amino acids from one another?

    <p>The structure of the side chains known as R groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the ends of a polypeptide chain?

    <p>The C-terminus has a carboxyl group and the N-terminus has an amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is collagen primarily associated with?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA in terms of protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA directs the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a nucleotide?

    <p>A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II in the process of gene expression?

    <p>To synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the synthesis of mRNA occur within a cell?

    <p>In the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the polymer formed by nucleotides?

    <p>Polynucleotide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, what is the first step after mRNA moves into the cytoplasm?

    <p>Translation of mRNA at the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acid is responsible for carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the components of a nucleic acid?

    <p>Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disaccharides

    • Maltose is made from the dehydration reaction of two glucose monomers linked by a 1–4 glycosidic linkage
    • Sucrose is made from the dehydration reaction of one glucose and one frutose monomers linked by a 1–2 glycosidic linkage

    Storage Polysaccharides

    • Starch is the major storage polysaccharide in plants and is made of entirely glucose monomers
    • Starch is stored in granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
    • Amylose is the simplest form of starch, it's unbranched
    • Glycogen is the major storage polysaccharide in animals, such as humans, stored in liver and muscle cells

    Structural Polysaccharides

    • Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls, its a polymer of glucose monomers linked by beta glycosidic linkages
    • Different linkages impact the shape of the molecule, determining its function.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides
    • Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called nucleotides
    • Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
    • The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside
    • There are two families of nitrogenous bases:
      • Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single six-membered ring
      • Purines (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
    • In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose; in RNA, the sugar is ribose

    Protein Structure

    • Proteins are biological functional macromolecules, made of one or more polypeptides
    • Polypeptides are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
    • Amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
    • Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups
    • There are different types of amino acids based on their side chains and properties:
      • Nonpolar, hydrophobic
      • Polar, hydrophilic
      • Electrically charged, hydrophilic
    • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds
    • Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids, with a carboxyl end (C-terminus) and an amino end (N-terminus)

    Fats (Lipids)

    • Fats are lipids made of glycerol and fatty acids
    • Fatty acids vary in length and the number and location of double bonds
    • Saturated Fats:
      • Made from saturated fatty acids
      • Solid at room temperature
      • Mostly found in animal fats
    • Unsaturated Fats:
      • Made from unsaturated fatty acids
      • Liquid at room temperature
      • Mostly found in plant fats and fish oils
    • Hydrogenation:
      • Process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
      • Can create trans fats, which are worse for cardiovascular health than saturated fats
    • Essential fatty acids:
      • Some unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized by the human body and must be supplied through diet
      • Include omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for growth and cardiovascular health

    Phospholipids

    • Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails attached to glycerol and a phosphate group
    • The tails are hydrophobic, while the phosphate group and attachments form a hydrophilic head
    • This structure makes them important components of cell membranes

    Roles of Proteins

    • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
    • Proteins are involved in multiple functions, including muscle tissue, connective tissue, and more.

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    The Molecules of Life: Overview PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to disaccharides, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Learn about the structures and functions of molecules like maltose, starch, and cellulose, as well as the significance of nucleotides in nucleic acids. Test your understanding of these fundamental biochemical components.

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