Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives
42 Questions
6 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the process called when cyclic a and b anomers of sugar interconvert in solution?

  • Dehydration
  • Mutarotation (correct)
  • Oxidation
  • Hydrolysis

2-Deoxy-D-Ribose is an example of a sugar alcohol.

False (B)

What type of sugar derivative is formed by replacing the hydroxyl group at C2 with an amino group?

Amino sugar

Phosphate esters are derived from sugars in metabolism, such as ________ and ________.

<p>Ribose 5-phosphate, Glucose 6-Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sugar derivatives with their definitions:

<p>Sugar Alcohols = Polyhydroxy alcohol formed after carbonyl reduction Amino Sugars = Sugars with an amino group replacing an OH group Sugar Acids = Carboxylic acids derived from aldoses Deoxy-Sugars = Sugars with one less oxygen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

<p>Primary energy source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed into more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define monosaccharides.

<p>Simplest carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose is an example of a _______ carbohydrate.

<p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>Diabetes Mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of carbohydrates with their definitions:

<p>Monosaccharide = Simplest carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed Disaccharide = Produces 2 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis Oligosaccharides = Produces 3-10 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis Polysaccharides = Produces more than 10 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycoproteins and glycolipids play roles in cell signaling.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose is a type of _______ and serves a structural role in plants.

<p>polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hexose is also known as dextrose and serves as a major energy source in mammals?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribose and deoxyribose are components of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>Tetroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess glucose in the blood is called __________.

<p>hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sugars with their corresponding functions or sources:

<p>Galactose = Constituent of milk sugar (lactose) Fructose = Main energy source for spermatozoa Mannose = Constituent of glycoproteins Glucose = Major source of energy in mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sorbitol, the reduced form of glucose, can contribute to cataract formation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What source of energy is primarily found in the seminal fluid?

<p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure of coenzymes NAD, NADP, and flavoproteins contains __________.

<p>ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is synthesized in mammary glands?

<p>Galactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of carbohydrates can be hydrolyzed to yield simpler sugars?

<p>Oligosaccharides (A), Disaccharides (B), Polysaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All monosaccharides contain the same number of carbon atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the most important natural monosaccharide.

<p>D-Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hexoses are a type of monosaccharide that contains ___ carbon atoms.

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following monosaccharides with their types (Aldoses or Ketoses):

<p>Glyceraldehyde = Aldose Dihydroxyacetone = Ketose Ribose = Aldose Fructose = Ketose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyclization of glucose can result in two forms known as furanose and pyranose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a monosaccharide is classified as an aldose or a ketose?

<p>The presence of aldehyde or ketone groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the hydroxyl group (OH) is positioned on the left, the anomer is said to be ___.

<p>beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to represent monosaccharides?

<p>C_nH_{2n}O_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pentose?

<p>Ribose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do structural isomers have in common?

<p>Different structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-Glucose and d-glucose refer to the same molecule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 2nd last carbon in determining D or L configuration?

<p>It indicates the orientation of the OH group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of optical isomer where only one asymmetric carbon differs is called an ______.

<p>epimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes mirror image isomers of sugars?

<p>Enantiomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Anomers = Alpha and beta forms of sugar in a ring structure Epimers = Optical isomers with one asymmetric carbon difference Enantiomers = Mirror image isomers of a compound Optical Activity = Ability to rotate plane polarized light</p> Signup and view all the answers

All asymmetric carbon atoms in epimers are the same.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in isomerism?

<p>Enzymes distinguish between isomers and preferentially use one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Racemase can convert dextrorotatory into ______ using a racemic mixture.

<p>levorotatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between D and L sugars

<p>Direction of optical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are carbohydrates?

A broad category of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms often described by the formula (CH2O)n. They are essential for living organisms serving as a primary energy source and playing structural, signaling, and precursor roles.

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are fundamental building blocks for many biological processes. Their primary function is to provide energy for cellular activities through the breakdown of glucose. They are essential for structural support in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin). They also act as precursors for essential molecules such as nucleotides, which are components of DNA and RNA.

What is a monosaccharide?

The simplest form of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into smaller units. They are typically sweet-tasting and soluble in water.

What is a disaccharide?

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides linked together. These are formed by a dehydration reaction, which removes a water molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is an oligosaccharide?

Carbohydrates consisting of 3-10 monosaccharide units linked together. They are typically found in foods like beans, lentils, and oats.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a polysaccharide?

Large complex carbohydrates composed of many (more than 10) monosaccharide units linked together. They play structural roles and serve as energy storage in plants and animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is hydrolysis?

The process of breaking down larger carbohydrate molecules into smaller units, typically by the addition of water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are carbohydrate metabolism disorders?

A group of metabolic disorders affecting the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Galactosemia, and Lactose Intolerance are examples of these conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that cannot be further broken down into smaller units.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trioses

Monosaccharides containing three carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monosaccharides

The basic building blocks of carbohydrates. They are classified based on the number of carbon atoms and the presence of either an aldehyde or ketone group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

D-Glucose

A type of monosaccharide with six carbon atoms that is an aliphatic aldehyde. It plays a vital role in energy metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyclization

The process by which a linear monosaccharide molecule folds into a cyclic form.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pyranose

A cyclic form of glucose with a six-membered ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Furanose

A cyclic form of glucose with a five-membered ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anomers

Isomers of cyclic monosaccharides that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fischer Projection

A projection formula that depicts the relative positions of atoms and functional groups on a planar surface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haworth Projection

A projection formula that depicts the cyclic form of a monosaccharide in a perspective view.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetrose

A four-carbon sugar that plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism and is a precursor to ribose and deoxyribose, which are essential components of nucleic acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pentose

A five-carbon sugar that is essential for the structure of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), ATP, and NAD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fructose

A sugar found in fruits and honey, known for its sweetness. It can be converted into glucose in the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Galactose

A milk sugar synthesized in mammary glands. It can be converted into glucose by the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mannose

A sugar found in plant cell walls and some glycoproteins. It can be converted into glucose by the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbohydrate Digestion

The process of breaking down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperglycemia

The condition of having an abnormally high blood sugar level. This is a symptom of Diabetes Mellitus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is mutarotation?

The process where cyclic alpha and beta anomers of a sugar interconvert spontaneously in solution, reaching an equilibrium state.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are sugar phosphates?

Sugars that have been attached to a phosphate group, often important in metabolic pathways. Examples include ribose 5-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are deoxy-sugars?

Sugars where an oxygen atom has been removed, replaced with a hydrogen atom. A common example is 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are amino sugars?

Sugars where the hydroxyl group at carbon 2 is replaced by an amino group (NH2). Sometimes the amino group is acetylated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are sugar alcohols?

The result of reducing the carbonyl oxygen of a monosaccharide, forming a polyhydroxy alcohol. Examples include glycerol and ribitol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structural Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stereoisomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms around a chiral carbon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

D or L configuration

Classifies a stereoisomer as D or L based on the orientation of the -OH group on the second-to-last carbon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optical Activity

The ability of a chiral molecule to rotate plane-polarized light clockwise or counter-clockwise.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enzymes & Isomerism

Enzymes are highly specific and often interact with one specific isomer preferentially, ignoring the other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Racemization

The process by which a dextrorotatory molecule is converted to a levorotatory molecule, resulting in a mixture containing equal amounts of both isomers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isomerism

The study of isomers and the different ways molecules can be arranged.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Carbohydrate Chemistry (LEC 1) - Quick Summary

  • Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds containing carbonyl groups (aldehydes or ketones) and hydroxyl groups.
  • Carbohydrates are a primary energy source.
  • They play crucial structural roles, acting as precursors to other biomolecules, and playing a role in cell signaling and recognition.
  • Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism can lead to metabolic diseases like diabetes, galactosemia, and lactose intolerance.

Monosaccharides

  • Simplest carbohydrates; cannot be further hydrolyzed.
  • Classified based on the number of carbon atoms (e.g., trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, nonoses).
  • Also classified based on the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group (aldoses, ketoses).

Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides

  • Disaccharides: Formed by combining two monosaccharides through hydrolysis, yielding two monosaccharide units.
  • Oligosaccharides: Formed by combining 3-10 monosaccharides through hydrolysis, yielding 3-10 monosaccharide units.
  • Polysaccharides: Formed by combining more than 10 monosaccharides through hydrolysis, yielding more than 10 monosaccharide units.

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

  • Glucose is a vital natural monosaccharide.
  • It exists in a linear form and ring forms (pyranose and furanose).
  • Monosaccharides can exist as alpha or beta anomers depending on the position of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in the ring structure.
  • Fructose and galactose are other important monosaccharides, with fructose being a ketose and galactose an aldose.

Biological Importance of Carbohydrates

  • Individual monosaccharides have varied roles, e.g., Ribose and deoxyribose are crucial components of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
  • Glucose is the primary energy source in mammals.
  • Other monosaccharides contribute to the structure and function of various biomolecules and play pivotal roles in different biological processes.

Stereochemistry and Isomerism

  • Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.
  • Optical isomers (enantiomers) are mirror images of each other and rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
  • Epimers are a type of diastereomer in which the difference is in the configuration around only one chiral carbon.
  • Isomers such as anomers, differ only in the orientation around the anomeric carbon.

Optical Activity

  • Optically active compounds rotate the plane of polarized light.
  • D and L designations describe the direction of rotation.
  • The D and L designation of a sugar depends on the configuration of the chiral carbon furthest from the carbonyl group.

Epimers

  • Epimers are diastereomers that differ in the configuration around only one chiral center. A common example is glucose and galactose.

Anomers

  • Anomers are a type of stereoisomer that differ by the configuration around the anomeric carbon in a cyclic sugar.
  • Anomers are often alpha (α) or beta (β) forms.

Enantiomers

  • Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another.
  • Enantiomers have identical physical properties except for their effect on polarized light.

Enzymes and Isomerism

  • Enzymes are crucial in carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Carbohydrate enzymes often distinguish between different types of isomers (enantiomers, epimers etc)

Mutarotation

  • Spontaneous interconversion between α and β anomers in aqueous solution.
  • A critical process in the metabolism of sugars.

Monosaccharide Derivatives

  • Sugar phosphates are crucial intermediates in many metabolic pathways.
  • Deoxysugars contain a reduced hydroxyl group.
  • Aminosugars have an amino group instead of a hydroxyl group.
  • Sugar alcohols result from the reduction of the carbonyl group in a sugar.
  • Important examples of each are discussed.
  • Specific types of sugar acids are also important in biological systems.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

LEC(1): Carbohydrate Chemistry PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on carbohydrates, sugar derivatives, and their functions in biological systems. This quiz covers various types of carbohydrates, their structures, and roles in metabolism. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or molecular biology.

More Like This

Sugar Derivatives
10 questions

Sugar Derivatives

WonderfulFluorite6742 avatar
WonderfulFluorite6742
HBG 102: Disaccharides & Sugar Derivatives
30 questions

HBG 102: Disaccharides & Sugar Derivatives

ObservantMountain avatar
ObservantMountain
Carbohydrates Chemistry - Sugar Derivatives
8 questions

Carbohydrates Chemistry - Sugar Derivatives

TruthfulCopernicium avatar
TruthfulCopernicium
Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview
32 questions

Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview

ImportantVerse avatar
ImportantVerse
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser