Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which group of monosaccharide derivatives is formed by replacing a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom?

  • Amino sugars
  • Sugar acids
  • Deoxy sugars (correct)
  • Sugar alcohols

What type of acid is produced by the oxidation of the last hydroxyl carbon of a monosaccharide?

  • Aldonic acid
  • Aldaric acid
  • Uronic acid (correct)
  • Hydroxyl acid

Which derivative of monosaccharide is crucial for the structure of glycoproteins and glycolipids?

  • Amino sugars (correct)
  • Sugar phosphates
  • Sugar acids
  • Sugar alcohols

Which enzyme family is responsible for catalyzing the phosphorylation reactions of monosaccharides?

<p>Protein kinases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not occur during the synthesis of amino sugars?

<p>Condensation with fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links the monosaccharide units in starch?

<p>A-glycosidic bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which derivative of monosaccharides is produced by the reduction of a carbonyl group to an alcohol?

<p>Sugar alcohols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acid involves oxidation of both the carbonyl carbon and the last hydroxyl carbon?

<p>Aldaric acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which homopolysaccharide is primarily found in plants and serves as a storage form of energy?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following monosaccharide derivatives is NOT a component of certain antibiotics?

<p>Sugar phosphates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes glycogen from the other homopolysaccharides mentioned?

<p>It contains a higher concentration of amylopectin compared to amylose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description is true regarding the structure of amylose?

<p>It is a linear polysaccharide with A(1-4) linkages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cellulose in plants?

<p>To form the extracellular matrix (ECM) or cell wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following polysaccharides is used as a storage form of energy in animal cells?

<p>Glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to heteropolysaccharides compared to homopolysaccharides?

<p>They contain a mixture of different monosaccharide units. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the composition ratio of amylose and amylopectin in starch?

<p>1:4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic bond is present in sucrose?

<p>α(1→2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of maltose?

<p>Maltase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes reducing disaccharides from non-reducing disaccharides?

<p>Presence of free aldehyde or keto group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs are correctly linked by glycosidic bonds?

<p>Galactose and Glucose in Lactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the configuration of the anomeric -OH group in the bond formation of maltose?

<p>α (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is produced through the digestion of starch and glycogen?

<p>Isomaltose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about lactose?

<p>It contains one mole of galactose and one mole of glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the mixture produced when sucrose undergoes hydrolysis?

<p>Invert sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage occurs at the branch points in glycogen?

<p>α-(1-6) glycosidic linkages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is composed primarily of D-fructose linked by β-(2→1) glycosidic bonds?

<p>Inulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason cellulose has no food value for humans?

<p>Humans cannot produce cellulase to hydrolyze its B-(1-4) linkages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chitin from cellulose in terms of chemical structure?

<p>Chitin contains acetylated amino groups at C-2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inulin is hydrolyzed by which enzyme when it occurs naturally in plants?

<p>Inulinase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dextrans in dental plaque?

<p>Facilitating bacterial adhesion on teeth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following polysaccharides is known to consist of linear unbranched chains?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular structure of dextrins when starch undergoes partial hydrolysis?

<p>Polymers of glucose with multiple branches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sugar Phosphates

Sugars with a phosphate group attached. They are formed by phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by enzymes called protein kinases.

Deoxy Sugars

Sugars in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by a hydrogen atom (-H). Deoxyribose is an important deoxy sugar found in DNA.

Amino Sugars

Sugars with an amino group (NH2) or an acetyl-amino group (CH2CO-NH-) replacing the hydroxyl group on carbon 2. They are essential components of diverse molecules like glycoproteins and certain antibiotics.

Sugar Alcohols

Monosaccharides that have been reduced, converting their carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) into a hydroxyl group. Important examples include sorbitol and mannitol.

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Sugar Acids

Sugars with an oxidized carbonyl group, resulting in a carboxylic acid. Examples include gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, and glucaric acid. Aldonic acids are formed by oxidation of the carbonyl carbon, uronic acids by oxidation of the last hydroxyl carbon, and aldaric acids by oxidation of both.

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Glucose-6-phosphate

Sugars with a phosphate group esterified to the C6 position. An important example is Glucose-6-phosphate, a key intermediate in glycolysis.

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L-Fucose

A 6-deoxygalactose sugar, which is a component of many glycoproteins. It is also known as methyl pentose.

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Amino Sugar Acids

A condensation product of amino sugars and some acids. They are found in glycoproteins.

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Glycosidic Bonds

Bonds between carbohydrates that are formed between the anomeric carbon of one sugar and a hydroxyl group on another sugar.

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O-Glycosidic Linkage

A glycosidic bond specifically links a carbohydrate to a side chain hydroxyl group of Serine or Threonine.

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N-Glycosidic Linkage

A glycosidic bond links a carbohydrate to a side chain nitrogen group of Asparagine.

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Disaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccaride units linked by a glycosidic bond.

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Reducing Disaccharide

A disaccharide with a free aldehyde or keto group.

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Non-reducing Disaccharide

Disaccharide without a free aldehyde or keto group.

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Sucrose

Table sugar, composed of glucose and fructose linked by an α(1→2) glycosidic bond.

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Maltose

A sugar composed of two glucose units linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond.

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Polysaccharides

Large molecules made up of many monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds.

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Homopolysaccharides

Polysaccharides composed of only one type of monosaccharide.

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Heteropolysaccharides

Polysaccharides composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides.

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Starch

A type of homopolysaccharide found in plants, consisting of two components: amylose and amylopectin.

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Amylose

A linear polysaccharide component of starch, composed of glucose units linked by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

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Amylopectin

A branched polysaccharide component of starch, composed of glucose units linked by both α(1→4) and α(1→6) glycosidic bonds.

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Glycogen

The main storage polysaccharide in animals, often referred to as 'animal starch.'

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Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide found in plants, forming the cell wall, which gives plants their rigidity and support.

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Liver glycogen's role in blood glucose regulation

Liver glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood glucose levels.

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Muscle glycogen's function

Muscle glycogen is a readily available energy source for muscle contraction.

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Glycogen's structure

Similar to amylopectin, glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose. The main chain linkages are (1→4) glycosidic bonds, and (1→6) bonds create branch points.

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Cellulose's structure and function

Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. It's an unbranched polymer of glucose linked by β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

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Why humans can't digest cellulose

Humans lack the enzyme cellulase, which can break down the β-(1→4) bonds in cellulose. Therefore, we cannot digest cellulose.

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Chitin's structure and function

Chitin is a major component of the exoskeletons of arthropods. It's a linear homopolysaccharide of N-acetyl glucosamine linked by β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

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Dextrans: Structure and source

Dextrans are bacterial and yeast polysaccharides made of (1→6) linked poly-D-glucose with branches.

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Dextrins: Formation and properties

Dextrins are products of starch breakdown by enzymes or acids. They have lower molecular weights than starch.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrate Chemistry

  • Carbohydrates are crucial for diverse biological functions
  • Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
  • They're categorized into aldoses (aldehyde group) and ketoses (ketone group)
  • Monosaccharides can be further modified to produce derivatives

Monosaccharide Derivatives

  • Sugar Phosphates: These are formed by phosphorylation, a reaction catalyzed by protein kinases. ATP donates the phosphate.
  • Sugar alcohols: Formed by reduction of the carbonyl group; glucose becomes glucitol (sorbitol)
  • Sugar acids: Formed by oxidation of the carbonyl group or the hydroxyl group: glucose forms gluconic acid or glucuronic acid. Aldaric acids result from oxidation of both.
  • Deoxy Sugars: Have a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen; deoxyribose is notable. Example: L-Fucose
  • Amino Sugars: Hydroxyl group replaced with an amino or acetyl amino group. Glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine.

Glycosidic Bonds

  • Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
  • Bonds are named based on the numbered carbon atoms involved and the configuration of the anomeric hydroxyl group (α or β)

Disaccharides

  • Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
  • Subdivided into reducing (free aldehyde or ketone) and non-reducing (no free aldehyde or ketone) types
  • Examples: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose, and Isomaltose are common disaccharides

Polysaccharides

  • Long chains of monosaccharides
  • Subdivided into homopolysaccharides (single monosaccharide) and heteropolysaccharides (multiple monosaccharides)
  • Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
    • Starch: Composed of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched).
    • Glycogen: Animal starch, highly branched
    • Cellulose: Plant cell walls, linear, not digestible by humans; important for fiber
    • Chitin: Exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, similar to cellulose but with a substituted amino group
  • Dextrans and Dextrins: derived from bacterial or yeast, or starch

Other Carbohydrates

  • Inulin: A fructose polymer found in plant roots, notable for physiological studies and body water measurements.

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Carbohydrate Chemistry PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of carbohydrate chemistry, focusing on monosaccharides and their derivatives. This quiz covers important concepts such as sugar phosphates, sugar alcohols, and glycosidic bonds, essential for understanding biological functions. Test your knowledge of how these compounds are categorized and modified.

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