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Questions and Answers
What is the main use of Acacia Gum?
What is the main use of Acacia Gum?
In what concentration is Tragacanth used as a stabilizer for ice cream?
In what concentration is Tragacanth used as a stabilizer for ice cream?
Which chemical constituent of Tragacanth is water-soluble and forms an instant colloidal solution?
Which chemical constituent of Tragacanth is water-soluble and forms an instant colloidal solution?
What is the main function of Karaya Gum?
What is the main function of Karaya Gum?
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What is the alternative name for Ghatti Gum?
What is the alternative name for Ghatti Gum?
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Which plant exudate is reported to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo?
Which plant exudate is reported to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo?
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What is the primary function of Tragacanth in cough and cold preparations?
What is the primary function of Tragacanth in cough and cold preparations?
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What differentiates Tragacanthin from Bassorin in terms of solubility?
What differentiates Tragacanthin from Bassorin in terms of solubility?
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What distinguishes Karaya Gum from other plant exudates in terms of usage?
What distinguishes Karaya Gum from other plant exudates in terms of usage?
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What does Ghatti Gum offer as an alternative to in food products?
What does Ghatti Gum offer as an alternative to in food products?
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Study Notes
Plant Exudates
- Acacia Gum:
- Gum of choice due to its compatibility with other plant hydrocolloids and starches
- Uses: demulcent, emulsifying agent, thickening agent, binding agent for tablets, colloidal stabilizer, and in candy and other food products
- Tragacanth:
- Obtained from the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer
- Chemical constituents: Tragacanthin (30-40%) and Bassorin (60-70%)
- Uses: demulcent in cough and cold preparations, thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent, binding agent in tablets, stabilizer for ice cream and sauces, and reported to inhibit the growth of cancer cells
- Karaya Gum:
- Obtained from the tree Sterculia urens
- Uses: bulk laxative, adhesive for dental fixtures and ostomy equipment, ingredient in lozenges for sore throat, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer
- Ghatti Gum:
- Also known as Indian Gum, alternative to Acacia Gum
- Obtained from the tree bark of Anogessius latifolia
- Uses: emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer
Carbohydrates
- Definition: hydrates of carbon, containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- Classification: Sugars and Polysaccharides
- Sugars:
- Monosaccharides (e.g. Glucose), Disaccharides (e.g. Sucrose), and Oligosaccharides (e.g. Raffinose)
- Polysaccharides:
- Made up of long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
- Examples: Cellulose and Starch
Monosaccharides
- Classified based on the number of carbon atoms in a molecule
- General formula: Cn H2n On
- Examples:
- Lactose:
- Odorless and has a faintly sweet taste
- Broken down into D-glucose and D-galactose
- Uses: as tablet diluent, nutrient in infant's food, and minor role in establishing intestinal microflora
- Lactulose:
- Semisynthetic sugar prepared by alkaline rearrangement of lactose
- Yields fructose and galactose upon break down
- Uses: laxative in chronic constipation, and decrease the blood ammonia concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy
- Xylose:
- Also known as wood sugar, obtained from boiling corn cobs, straw, or similar materials with dilute acid
- Uses: as a diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal absorption, and as an osmotic diuretic
- Sorbitol:
- Also known as D-glucitol, obtained from the ripe berries of the mountain ash
- Uses: ingredient in toothpaste and chewing gums, urologic irrigation, and dietetic beverages
- Lactose:
Polysaccharides and Related Compounds
- Starch:
- Most widely distributed organic compound in plants
- Occurs in seeds, pith, medullary rays, cortex of stems and roots of plants
- Generally a mixture of two structurally different polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin
- Cellulose Derivatives:
- Uses: surgical dressing, textiles industries, pure cellulose for the manufacture of explosives, and controls flow of percolation
- Examples:
- Methylcellulose: Suspending, thickening agent, and tablet excipient
- Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC): Suspending agent, tablet excipient, microcrystalline cellulose, and bulk laxative
- Microcrystalline Cellulose: Suspending agent, topical protectant, and ophthalmic solutions
- Pyroxylin: Soluble Guncotton, used in explosives
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Description
Explore the world of carbohydrates and derived products in pharmacognosy and plant chemistry. Learn about the classification of carbohydrates into sugars and polysaccharides, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides.
