30 Questions
What type of ring does pyranose form?
Six-membered hemiacetal ring
What is the characteristic of α anomer in a cyclic hemiacetal ring?
The -OH on the anomeric carbon is on the side of the ring opposite from the terminal -CH2OH
What type of ring is formed when aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols?
Five-membered cyclic hemiacetal
What is the product called when the carbonyl group of a monosaccharide is reduced to an hydroxyl group?
Alditol
What is the prefix 'deoxy' short for?
Without oxygen
What is the process called when α- and β-anomers equilibrate in aqueous solution?
Mutarotation
What is the approximate sweetness of sorbitol compared to sucrose?
60% as sweet as sucrose
What is the name of the new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure?
Anomeric carbon
What is the product called when the aldehyde group of an aldose is oxidized under basic conditions?
Aldonic acid
What is the orientation of the groups on carbons 1-5 of β-D-glucopyranose in Haworth projections and chair conformations?
Up, down, up, down, up
What does the symbol 'β' indicate in carbohydrate chemistry?
The -OH on the anomeric carbon is on the same side of the ring as the terminal CH2OH
What type of ring is D-glucose represented as in its most stable form?
Chair conformation ring
What is the primary purpose of a Fischer projection?
To represent the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters
What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
CnH2nOn
What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?
An aldose has an aldehyde group, while a ketose has a ketone group
How are D-monosaccharides and L-monosaccharides differentiated?
By the position of the -OH on the penultimate carbon
What is unique about the three amino sugars found in nature?
They all contain an -NH2 group in place of an -OH group
What is the term for a monosaccharide that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
What is the role of glucuronic acid in the body?
It is used to detoxify foreign phenols and alcohols
What type of bond joins the two units of D-glucopyranose in maltose?
α-1,4-glycosidic bond
What is the charge of a diphosphoric ester at the pH of cellular and intercellular fluids?
-2
What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
Amylose is composed of unbranched chains, while amylopectin is branched
What is sucrose?
A type of disaccharide
What is the difference between reducing and non-reducing sugars?
Reducing sugars have an aldehyde or ketone group, while non-reducing sugars do not
What is a characteristic common to most connective tissues?
They contain collagen and acidic polysaccharides
What is the function of hyaluronic acid in the vitreous of the eye?
It maintains the retina in its proper position
Why can humans not use cellulose as a source of glucose?
Because our digestive systems lack β-glucosidases
What is the molecular weight range of heparin?
6000-30,000 g/mol
Where is heparin synthesized and stored?
In mast cells of various tissues
What is the best understood biological function of heparin?
Its anticoagulant activity
Test your understanding of carbohydrate stereochemistry and Fischer projections, a 2D representation of tetrahedral stereocenters. Learn about monosaccharides and how to interpret horizontal and vertical bonds.
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