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Questions and Answers

What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose after the complete cellular respiration process?

  • About 18 or 20 ATP
  • About 30 or 32 ATP (correct)
  • About 24 or 26 ATP
  • About 20 or 22 ATP

    • Which stages of cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria?

  • Glycolysis and Pyruvate Oxidation
  • Pyruvate Oxidation and Oxidative Phosphorylation (correct)
  • Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
  • Only the Citric Acid Cycle

    • Which of the following correctly describes the products of glycolysis?

  • 2 NADH and 4 ATP
  • 2 Pyruvate and 2 ATP (correct)
  • 1 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH
  • 6 NADH and 2 ATP

    • What are the electron shuttles that carry electrons to the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process is Acetyl CoA formed?

    <p>Pyruvate Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH are produced during the complete cycle of the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>6 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?

    <p>To synthesize ATP using the proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway does NOT occur in the cytosol?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of isocitrate lyase in the glyoxylate cycle?

    <p>To cleave isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the glyoxylate cycle, malate can be converted into which of the following?

    <p>Fructose-6-P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plant seeds store fuel as lipids instead of carbohydrates?

    <p>Lipids provide more energy due to higher calorie content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of acetyl-CoA interacting with glyoxylate?

    <p>Formation of malate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does sucrose play in plant seedlings?

    <p>It provides chemical energy for initial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to succinate after it enters the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>It enters the TCA cycle to form malate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after glucose is transported into cells?

    <p>It is phosphorylated by hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using lipids as an energy source over carbohydrates for seeds?

    <p>Lipids have a higher caloric content per gram compared to carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net reaction of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 H2O → glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many high-energy phosphate bonds must be hydrolyzed for gluconeogenesis to be thermodynamically favorable?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net free energy change for the conversion of pyruvate to glucose during gluconeogenesis?

    <p>-37.7 KJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immediately after a meal, what is the primary source of blood glucose?

    <p>Dietary carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT a substrate in the net reaction of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the carboxylation of pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>To convert pyruvate into oxalacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change ($ riangle G^O$') associated with the conversion of pyruvate to oxalacetate?

    <p>$-2.1 ext{ KJ/mol}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cofactor is employed in the pyruvate carboxylation process?

    <p>Biotin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvate to oxalacetate take place?

    <p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the arm formed by the biotin-lysine complex during carboxylation?

    <p>14 Å</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is the conversion of pyruvate to oxalacetate considered to be?

    <p>An anabolic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ATP play in the mechanism of pyruvate carboxylase?

    <p>It provides energy for carboxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pyruvate carboxylase is incorrect?

    <p>It functions in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alanine aminotransferase in the conversion of alanine to pyruvate?

    <p>It transfers the amino group of alanine to α-ketoglutarate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coenzyme is involved in the reaction where alanine is converted to pyruvate?

    <p>Pyridoxal phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which precursor is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of process involves the conversion of lactate to pyruvate?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes gluconeogenesis?

    <p>It generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the catabolism of peptides and proteins provide for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Amino acids for conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates gluconeogenesis from glycolysis in terms of reaction pathways?

    <p>The utilization of different enzymes in specific steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase in relation to biphosphatase activity?

    <p>It inhibits biphosphatase activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phosphate source involved in the glucose-6-phosphatase reaction?

    <p>Inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cells is glucose-6-phosphatase NOT present?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly enables the cleavage of phosphate in the glucose-6-phosphatase reaction?

    <p>Histidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances the inhibition of biphosphatase by AMP?

    <p>Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ΔG value for the glucose-6-phosphatase reaction in the liver?

    <p>-5.1 kJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the transport proteins T1, T2, and T3 in the glucose-6-phosphatase system?

    <p>They are involved in substrate transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound inhibits both biphosphatase and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase?

    <p>AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) are produced from 12 G3P?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional molecule is used to regenerate ribulose-5-phosphate (RuBP) after utilizing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP)?

    <p>Ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intermediate is in isomeric equilibrium with G3P?

    <p>Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the initial 12 G3P, how many molecules ultimately contribute to produce hexose compounds during glycolysis?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct about the molecules utilized in the conversion from FBP?

    <p>2 FBPs and 6 Ru5P are involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis in ecosystems?

    <p>To trap solar energy and convert it into free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of light energy absorption by chlorophyll?

    <p>ATP synthesis is driven by the absorbed light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide utilized during the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>It is transformed into organic molecules like carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall relationship between solar energy and biological reactions on Earth?

    <p>Solar energy is converted into chemical energy, powering biological reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of photosystems in photosynthesis?

    <p>Photosystems capture light energy and convert it to chemical forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key processes are involved in the formation of carbohydrates during photosynthesis?

    <p>Light-driven synthesis combined with carbon dioxide reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does photosynthesis impact carbon levels in the atmosphere annually?

    <p>It significantly reduces carbon dioxide by converting it into carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary source of free energy necessary for biological reactions on Earth?

    <p>Solar energy trapped through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>C H2O, NADP+, and ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In oxygenic photosynthesis, which reactant is oxidized?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much free energy is required to reduce 1 mole of CO2 during photosynthesis?

    <p>+480 kJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms utilize H2S as a reductant in photosynthesis?

    <p>Sulfur bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall equation for the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes anoxygenic photosynthesis?

    <p>It does not produce oxygen and uses compounds like H2S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the ATP and NADPH generated in the light reactions primarily facilitate?

    <p>The reduction of CO2 in the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plastoquinone in photosystem II (PSII)?

    <p>To shuttle electrons from PSII to the cytochrome b6f complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does plastoquinone's structure contribute to its function?

    <p>Its lipid nature allows for mobility within the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reduced form of plastoquinone called?

    <p>Plastoquinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when plastoquinone is converted to its reduced form?

    <p>Oxidation-reduction involving electron and proton uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of the cytochrome b6f complex?

    <p>It is homologous to the cytochrome bc1 complex in mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iron-sulfur clusters in the cytochrome b6f complex?

    <p>To facilitate electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one similarity between plastoquinone and coenzyme Q?

    <p>Both are involved in oxidation-reduction processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component does the cytochrome b6f complex interact with to shuttle electrons?

    <p>Plastocyanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of type I photosystems in photosynthesis?

    <p>To provide reducing power in the form of NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the chlorophyll a dimers of PSI from those of PSII?

    <p>Their maximum light absorption wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PSII in the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>To split water, producing oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the arrangement of electron carriers between PSI and PSII based on standard reduction potential?

    <p>Z scheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component acts as the terminal electron acceptor in type I photosystems?

    <p>Ferredoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What byproduct is produced by the splitting of water in PSII?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

    <p>To pump protons for ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'zigzag' arrangement of electron carriers in the Z scheme?

    <p>It indicates energy levels of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thylakoid membrane in photosynthesis?

    <p>It contains the chlorophyll required for light absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced as a byproduct during the process of splitting water in photosynthesis?

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the proton motive force in the thylakoid membrane?

    <p>It drives the production of ATP through ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy transfer occurs in light-harvesting complexes of photosystems?

    <p>Resonance energy transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a photosystem is responsible for the primary electron acceptor?

    <p>Reaction center complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is NADPH generated in the photosynthetic process?

    <p>Through reduction of NADP+ by electrons from Fd.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change that occurs when an electron in chlorophyll is excited?

    <p>It jumps to a higher energy state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excited electrons in chlorophyll once they return to the ground state?

    <p>They release energy in the form of heat or fluorescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of chlorophyll a?

    <p>It plays a crucial role in the reaction center electron transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of photosynthesis is associated with creating a high concentration of H+ ions in the thylakoid space?

    <p>Electrons transported across the thylakoid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

    <p>To fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of light absorption, what is resonance energy transfer?

    <p>The transfer of excitation energy between pigment molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released during the electron transport process associated with photosystems?

    <p>O2 and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane?

    <p>To generate ATP using a proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electrons removed from glucose during its complete oxidation?

    <p>They are transferred to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the free energy change ($ riangle G^O$') of the oxidation of glucose characterized?

    <p>It is negative, suggesting a spontaneous reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do proton gradients play in ATP synthesis during cellular respiration?

    <p>They provide energy for ATP synthesis via proton diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electron transport chain, what is the final electron acceptor?

    <p>Molecular oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the oxidation of glucose is incorrect?

    <p>The complete oxidation occurs in a single step without intermediates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>To transfer electrons to oxygen in small steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the electron transport chain accepts electrons as part of the process?

    <p>Cyt a3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the energy role of the electron transport chain?

    <p>It breaks energy release into smaller, manageable amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain, such as cytochromes?

    <p>They all have iron atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is NOT a direct function of the electron transport chain?

    <p>Producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cofactor does complex I contain that is bound within its structure?

    <p>FMN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are involved in the electron transfer pathway from NADH to coenzyme Q in complex I?

    <p>FMN and iron-sulfur clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many iron-sulfur clusters are present in complex I?

    <p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of FMN in complex I?

    <p>To facilitate electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the directional flow of electrons within complex I?

    <p>In a stepwise manner towards coenzyme Q</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of mammalian complex I?

    <p>It is split into a soluble region and a transport region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of malfunctioning iron-sulfur clusters in complex I?

    <p>Reduced ATP synthesis capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor from complex I?

    <p>Coenzyme Q (CoQ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Complex III in cellular respiration?

    <p>To transfer electrons from CoQH2 to cytochrome c while pumping protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons does Complex III pump into the intermembrane space for every two electrons transferred?

    <p>Two protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the composition of mammalian Complex III?

    <p>It functions as a dimer composed of 10 or 11 protein chains per monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight of mammalian Complex III?

    <p>250 kDa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cytochrome c play in the process facilitated by Complex III?

    <p>It acts as an electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the electron transfer in Complex III is correct?

    <p>Electrons are transferred from CoQH2 to cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Q Cycle, what is a significant outcome of the interaction between Complex III and CoQH2?

    <p>It oxidizes CoQH2 and reduces cyt c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of Complex III is primarily responsible for proton pumping?

    <p>The protein chains forming the dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Coenzyme Q play in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It collects electrons and transfers them to complex III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complexes transfer electrons to Coenzyme Q?

    <p>Complex I and complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clusters are linked to Coenzyme Q?

    <p>Iron-sulfur clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of complex II in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It does not transport protons across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of iron-sulfur clusters in the electron transport chain?

    <p>They facilitate electron transfer through redox reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Coenzyme Q collecting electrons from different sources?

    <p>It increases the energy potential available for ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between complex I and Coenzyme Q?

    <p>Complex I transfers electrons to Coenzyme Q from NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Coenzyme Q interact with flavoproteins in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It collects electrons and transfers them to complex III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the glycerophosphate shuttle?

    <p>It catalyzes the oxidation of NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the favorability of ATP transport via the ATP-ADP translocase?

    <p>Membrane electrochemical potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total protein components does the ATP-ADP translocase represent in the mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate in the glycerophosphate shuttle?

    <p>Flavoprotein dehydrogenase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the glycerophosphate shuttle?

    <p>Reoxidation of FADH2 in the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cytosolic NADH convert into during the glycerophosphate shuttle?

    <p>Glycerol-3-phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ATP-ADP translocase serve in mitochondria?

    <p>Mediating ATP and ADP movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways directly involves transport through the mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>ATP-ADP transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathways

    • Glucose 6-phosphate is the starting point for several pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen synthesis.
    • Oxidative reactions involve the conversion of 3 glucose 6-phosphate molecules to 6 NADPH and 3 CO2.
    • This also leads to 3 molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate.
    • Ribulose-5-phosphate further converts into xylulose 5-phosphate, ribose 5-phosphate, and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.
    • Non-oxidative reactions interconvert pentose sugars to yield glycolysis intermediates.
    • The pathways intertwine and share intermediates, enabling flexibility in metabolism.

    ATP Yield per Glucose

    • Glycolysis yields 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
    • Pyruvate oxidation yields 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
    • Citric acid cycle yields 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per glucose molecule.
    • Oxidative phosphorylation produces an additional 26-28 ATP, resulting in a maximum yield of 30-32 ATP per glucose.

    Fate of Carbon in TCA Cycle

    • Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle, and carbons are released as CO2.
    • The oxidation-reduction enzymes and coenzymes involved are shown in magenta, while the entry of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle is indicated by a green box.
    • CO2 release is illustrated using yellow boxes.

    Glyoxylate Cycle

    • The glyoxylate cycle is an anabolic variant of the citric acid cycle.
    • It bypasses the TCA cycle's decarboxylation steps, producing oxaloacetate with a net production of four-carbon dicarboxyl acids.
    • It is crucial in plants for converting fatty acids to carbohydrates (fats to sugars), and in plant seeds.
    • Glyoxysomes contain the enzymes needed for this conversion. This cycle is important during seed germination when plants use stored lipids (fats) for energy, before photosynthesis becomes active.

    Relationship between the Glyoxylate and TCA Cycles

    • Intermediates pass between the glyoxysomes and mitochondria, allowing interplay between the two cycles.
    • The glyoxylate cycle converts two acetyl-CoA to succinate in glyoxysomes which in turn can convert to oxaloacetate in mitochondria.
    • This is important in gluconeogenesis.

    Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) inside cells.
    • G6P can enter glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen synthesis.
    • Fructose and galactose are converted into intermediates of glucose metabolism.
    • The phosphate group in G6P is completely ionized at physiological pH, giving it an overall negative charge, making it impermeable to the plasma membrane.
    • Glucose-6-phosphate is a substrate for both the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.
    • The pathway involves oxidative reactions, generating NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.
    • NADPH is required for fatty acid synthesis and other biosynthetic processes.
    • Ribose-5-phosphate is needed for nucleotide synthesis.

    The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

    • The pathway has two phases: oxidative and non-oxidative.
    • Oxidative phase produces NADPH, and CO2
    • Non-oxidative phase interconverts sugars of different lengths.
    • Important enzymes include transketolase and transaldolase.

    Conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate

    • Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
    • The reaction requires biotin as a cofactor and ATP as energy.

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
    • The major precursors are lactate, amino acids, and glycerol.
    • The majority of gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

    Coupling ATP and GTP Hydrolysis in Gluconeogenesis

    • In gluconeogenesis, energy is required, which is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP and GTP.
    • The net reaction to produce glucose from two pyruvate molecules requires 4 ATP and 2 GTP molecules.

    Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

    • Key regulators of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis include fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, AMP, ATP, citrate, and acetyl-CoA.
    • These molecules regulate enzyme activity through allosteric interactions.
    • The regulation ensures that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not operating simultaneously to a great extent

    Sources of Blood Glucose

    • The primary sources of blood glucose are:
      • Dietary carbohydrates immediately after a meal
      • Glycogenolysis during the fasting period.
      • Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting or starvation.

    Quiz Questions

    • Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase are the two enzymes enabling plants to metabolize acetate. They are located in the glycosomes.
    • Gluconeogenesis is not merely the reversal of glycolysis because glycolysis is exergonic, and gluconeogenesis would be an endergonic process not able to proceed without supplementary energy input.
    • Biotin is the prosthetic group of pyruvate carboxylase.
    • The amino acid residue involved in the glucose-6-phosphatase reaction is phosphohistidine.
    • Important regulators of gluconeogenesis are acetyl-CoA and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.
    • The two phases of the pentose phosphate pathway are oxidative and non-oxidative. The two primary products are NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.
    • The prosthetic group of transketolases in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).

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    Related Documents

    Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation Lecture 4 PDF
    Lecture 6 - Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism PDF
    Lecture 5- Photosynthesis PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate pathways of carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and more. This quiz covers the key processes involved in ATP production and the fate of carbon in the TCA cycle. Test your understanding of these essential biochemical pathways.

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