30 Questions
Where does glycolysis occur in cells?
Cytosol
What is the primary fuel source for erythrocytes?
Glucose
Which enzyme complex is required for glucose oxidation beyond pyruvate?
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
What may account for the high rate of glycolysis in cancer cells?
Elevated levels of GAPDH
Why might methylglyoxal inhibit GAPDH in cancer cells but not in normal cells?
Variations in Enzyme Structure
What is the main function of skeletal muscle in storing glycogen?
Synthesizing muscle protein
During gluconeogenesis in the liver, what substrates can be converted to glucose?
Lactate and pyruvate
In what scenario does skeletal muscle perform at very high levels of work output using glycolysis?
Under Anaerobic Conditions
Which process maintains blood glucose levels between meals?
Gluconeogenesis
Where do most of the metabolic pathways like glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis occur within the muscle cell?
Cytosol
In starvation, what percentage of energy needs of the brain can be met by ketone bodies?
20%
Which tissue has the most substantial requirement for glucose?
Brain
What is the major fuel for most tissues?
Glucose
Which pathway metabolizes glucose to pyruvate?
Glycolysis
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate
What is the precursor of fatty acids and cholesterol?
Acetyl-CoA
Which process utilizes glucose as a fuel in skeletal muscle?
Glycolysis
What does aerobic metabolism of glucose in tissues form?
Carbon Dioxide
What is the end product of glycolysis in fast-growing cancer cells?
Lactate
What enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?
Hexokinase
What causes lactic acidosis in some scenarios?
Impaired activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase
Which molecule allosterically inhibits hexokinase in glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate
What process is responsible for much of the hypermetabolism seen in cancer cachexia?
Gluconeogenesis
Under what conditions does mitochondrial re-oxidation of NADH formed during glycolysis become impaired?
Low oxygen supply
What inhibits enolase?
Fluoride
Why is pyruvate kinase reaction irreversible under physiological conditions?
Due to the involvement of large free energy change
What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?
Reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase
What facilitates the oxidation of NADH under anaerobic conditions?
Lactate dehydrogenase
What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
Decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA
Which ion is Enolase dependent on for its activity?
Mn2+ ions
Test your knowledge on carbohydrate metabolism, focusing on glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose metabolism in cells. Explore how glycolysis functions aerobically or anaerobically depending on oxygen availability and the electron transport chain. Learn about the specific requirements for skeletal muscle tissue and erythrocytes in glucose oxidation.
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