The Glycolytic Energy System Quiz

Consequences of Inadequate Glucose Supply

• Inadequate glucose supply to the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to impaired cognitive function, dizziness, and even loss of consciousness.

Optimal Glucose Solution Concentration

• The optimal glucose solution concentration for carbohydrate (CHO) drinks is 6-8%, which is isotonic with blood plasma.

Daily Carbohydrate Intake for Athletes

• The typical daily carbohydrate intake for athletes is 2-3 grams per kilogram of body weight.

ATP Synthesis Pathways

• There are three ATP synthesis pathways: ATP-PC system, glycolytic system, and oxidative system.

Meaning of Glycolysis

• The literal meaning of glycolysis is "glucose breaking" or "sugar splitting".

Glucose Transporters

• The two main transporters for glucose are GLUT1 and GLUT4, found in the blood-brain barrier and muscles, respectively.

Net ATP Gain in Glycolysis

• The net gain of ATP in glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate from glycogen is 3 ATP.

Purpose of ATP in Glycolysis

• The purpose of ATP in step 1 of glycolysis is to phosphorylate glucose, trapping it in the cell.

3-C Molecules Produced in Glycolysis

• The two 3-C molecules produced in step 4 and step 5 of glycolysis are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Fate of Pyruvate in Low-Moderate Energy Demand

• In low-moderate energy demand, pyruvate is converted to lactate, and then lactate is transported out of the muscle cell.

Net ATP Molecules Produced in Glycolysis

• 2 net ATP molecules are produced from the breakdown of glucose and glycogen in glycolysis.

Role of Carbohydrate in Exercise Performance

• Carbohydrate plays a crucial role in exercise performance, providing energy for the body during exercise.

Definition of Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the metabolism of glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Types of Muscle Fibers and Characteristics

• There are three types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch (Type I), fast-twitch (Type II), and intermediate (Type IIa).

Types of Carbohydrates and Differences

• The three types of carbohydrates are simple sugars (monosaccharides), complex sugars (disaccharides and polysaccharides), and fiber.

Glycogenesis and Carbohydrate Storage

• Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles.

Average Energy Stored as Glycogen

• The average amount of energy stored by the human body in the form of glycogen is approximately 1500-2000 kcal.

Glycogenolysis and Energy Production

• Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, contributing to energy production during exercise.

'Hitting the Wall' during Endurance Exercise

• 'Hitting the wall' is a phenomenon that occurs during endurance exercise when glycogen stores are depleted, leading to fatigue.

Role of PFK in High Energy Demand

• Phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a crucial role in response to high energy demand, regulating glycolytic flux.

Electron Carriers in the Glycolytic Energy System

• The electron carriers involved in the glycolytic energy system are NAD+ and FAD+.

Fate of Lactate and H+ after Leaving the Cell

• Lactate and H+ are transported out of the muscle cell and into the bloodstream, where they can be taken up by the liver for gluconeogenesis.

OIL RIG Principle

• The OIL RIG principle stands for "Oxidation Is Loss of electron, Reduction Is Gain of electron", relating to NAD+ and NADH.

Buffering Systems and pH Maintenance

• Buffering systems, such as the bicarbonate buffering system, help maintain pH within tolerable limits by neutralizing excess H+ ions.

Bicarbonate Buffering System

• The bicarbonate buffering system involves the equilibrium reaction between bicarbonate and carbonic acid, maintaining pH homeostasis.

Blood Lactate Measurement during Exercise

• Blood lactate measurement during exercise is significant, as it indicates anaerobic energy production and muscle fatigue. Usual levels of blood lactate are 1-2 mmol/L at rest and 8-12 mmol/L during maximal exercise.