Carbohydrate Metabolism Overview

<p>It stores and distributes glucose in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be catabolized to produce ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire metabolic system may collapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates electrical activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proper utilization of carbohydrates for energy production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-proinsulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is oxidized to synthesize ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endopeptidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose across the cell membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT-4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are recycled back into the cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity leads to insulin resistance in fat cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes responsible for glycogen breakdown become active. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexokinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin becomes less effective, allowing glucose to remain in circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycaemia and metabolic disturbances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overworking of the pancreas leading to potential failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polydipsia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinopathy and renal failure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose molecules get attached to them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LADA is an autoimmune disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It preserves carbohydrate reserves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blocks the uptake and use of glucose by tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less common than Type 2 diabetes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced biological response to insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal β cell secretory product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal and non-hormonal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defect in any downstream effector systems from receptor binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits important enzymatic reactions like hexokinase action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of β cells to adapt insulin secretion to blood glucose changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It functions in the homeostatic control of glucose and lipid metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleviate insulin resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking down carbohydrates to produce energy for the body.

Essential for proper functioning of all metabolic pathways; ensures the body gets the energy it needs.

Glycolysis is one part of carbohydrate metabolism-the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP energy.

Insulin helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling blood glucose levels.

Disruptions can lead to various disorders like diabetes.

An emergency energy source for some cells when anaerobic metabolism is needed.

Digestion changes carbs to glucose, which the liver then uses and distributes.

Glucose can be used to produce energy (ATP) in various tissues like brain, muscle, and kidney.

Glucose is a primary energy source for organisms and its breakdown creates energy-rich ATP.

The initial pathway for the complete oxidation of glucose.

Insulin is made in the pancreas's beta cells from a precursor called pre-proinsulin, processed into proinsulin and then into mature insulin.

Glucose increases electrical activity in beta cells, triggering insulin release. This release involves exocytosis.

A glucose infusion immediately raises plasma insulin; this initial rise is from stored insulin. A later rise signifies newly synthesized insulin.

The breakdown of sugars, especially glucose, produces ATP, a crucial energy carrier.

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or converted into fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues.

Insulin rapidly increases glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells by increasing the number of glucose transporters (GLUT-4) in the cell membrane.

Specialized glucose transporters found primarily in muscle and fat cells that are insulin-dependent.

Insulin release is limited by the process of exocytosis which releases insulin granules from specialized cells into the extracellular fluid.

A condition where cells become less responsive to insulin, making it harder to regulate blood sugar.

Insulin signals the liver to convert glucose into glycogen (storage form of glucose) for later use.

Obesity is linked to a reduced sensitivity of cells to insulin, hindering effective glucose regulation.

Certain tissues (like brain and liver) don't require insulin for efficient glucose uptake; they use alternative transporters.

Fat cells have a greater insulin resistance compared to muscle cells, influencing glucose uptake efficiency.

A chronic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, caused by problems with insulin production or its action.

A strong link exists between being overweight or obese and the development of diabetes.

Insulin resistance forces the pancreas to work harder to produce more insulin to compensate.

Frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), weight loss, and blurry vision.

Long-term damage to eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), nerves, heart, and blood vessels.

A blood glucose level of 200 mg/dl or higher indicates diabetes, even without fasting.

A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher indicates diabetes.

Diabetes caused by other medical conditions like Cystic Fibrosis, HIV, pancreatic cancer, or steroid use.

An autoimmune diabetes in adults over 25 that progresses slowly, initially has some insulin production, but eventually needs insulin replacement.

Type 1: 1-2%, Type 2: 15-20% (increasing), Gestational: 3-5%, Other Specific Types: 5-7%.

Cortisol promotes glucose production in the liver, breaks down muscle and fat for energy, and inhibits glucose use in muscles.

Glucagon stimulates the release of stored glucose from the liver and muscles, increasing blood glucose levels.

This hormone causes insulin resistance by increasing free fatty acids, blocking glucose uptake, and inhibiting glucose metabolism.

Insulin promotes glucose uptake and utilization by cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

There are four main causes: 1. Defective insulin molecule, 2. Antagonists blocking insulin's action, 3. Cell defect in the insulin pathway, 4. Lack of adiponectin.

High FFA levels block glucose uptake by cells like muscle, leading to higher blood sugar. FFA also disrupts key metabolic processes.

The ability of the pancreas to adjust insulin production correctly in response to blood sugar levels.

Substances that interfere with the action of insulin, preventing it from doing its job.

A hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate blood sugar and metabolism. Low levels are linked to insulin resistance.

Adiponectin is a hormone produced by fat cells and it plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar and fat metabolism. Its dysregulation is often implicated in insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders.

Insulin resistance can arise from the secretion of defective insulin molecules due to gene mutations or improper pro-insulin processing, leading to compromised insulin function.