Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview

<p>Achrodextrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To diagnose kidney function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-1,2 glycosidic bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It remains after complete action of β-amylase on starch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both form sticky, gummy masses when precipitated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a ketone or aldehyde group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glyceraldehyde (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as an intermediate in glucose oxidation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains 5 carbon atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a component of ATP and GTP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alimentary pentosuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose is the chief carbohydrate in mammals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galactosamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acetylglucosamine linked to a lactic acid residue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are believed to be related to the antibiotic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digitalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hydrolyze sucrose into invert sugar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the osmotic condition of the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mannosamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficiency of the appropriate enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymers of a single monosaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylose and Amylopectin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Products of starch partially hydrolyzed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the liver and muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows optical isomerism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heteropolysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Furanose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mannose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldose-Ketose isomerism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It specifically involves the position of the hydroxyl group at an anomeric carbon in ring structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are isomers differing in the position of the hydroxyl group at only one asymmetric carbon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deoxy ribose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L-glyceraldehyde (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anomers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monosaccharides with three carbon atoms.

A triose with an aldehyde group.

A triose with a ketone group.

Monosaccharides with four carbon atoms.

A tetrose with an aldehyde group.

A tetrose with a ketone group.

Monosaccharides with five carbon atoms.

A pentose with an aldehyde group.

A molecule that can exist in two forms that are mirror images of each other.

The simplest carbohydrate with one asymmetric carbon, resulting in two optically active forms.

The asymmetric carbon atom that arises from the carbonyl group in aldoses (C1) and ketoses (C2).

Isomers formed due to the change in position of the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon. Examples include α and β glucose, and α and β fructose.

Isomers with the same molecular formula but differing in their functional group. For example, glucose (aldehyde) and fructose (ketone).

Isomers that differ at only one specific asymmetric carbon atom. Examples include glucose and mannose (at carbon 2), and glucose and galactose (at carbon 4).

Sugars where a hydroxyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom, meaning one oxygen atom is missing. Examples include deoxyribose (found in DNA) and 6-deoxy-L-galactose (found in glycoproteins).

A substance that rotates plane-polarized light to the right.

Sugars containing an amino group (NH2) in their structure.

An amino sugar that is a key component of heparin and hyaluronic acid.

An amino sugar that forms part of chondroitin sulfate, a vital component of cartilage.

An amino sugar commonly found in neuraminic and sialic acids.

A derivative of glucosamine, found in the cell walls of most bacteria, providing structural support.

Compounds formed when a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate component are linked together by an acetal linkage.

A sugar that contains equal parts glucose and fructose. Found in honey.

The enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose, producing invert sugar.

The primary energy source for all cells in the body, used directly by erythrocytes (red blood cells) and brain cells.

In the liver, glucose is converted into other carbohydrates like glycogen for energy storage and galactose for different bodily functions.

A simple sugar found in fruits, honey, and semen. It is converted into glucose in the liver, providing energy for sperm cells primarily.

Produced by the mammary glands to form lactose, the sugar in milk. It's also found in agar, glycosaminoglycans, and glycolipids.

Does not exist freely in nature and contributes to the structure of many glycoproteins.

A cyclic form (ring shape) of a sugar molecule, formed when the carbonyl group (C=O) reacts with an alcohol (-OH) group.

The position of the remaining hydroxyl group (-OH) determines whether a sugar is alpha (α) or beta (β).

A carbon atom linked to four different groups or atoms, leading to optical activity and isomerism in sugars.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide units linked together.

Homopolysaccharides are polysaccharides made up of only one type of monosaccharide.

Heteropolysaccharides are polysaccharides made up of different types of monosaccharides or other groups like hexuronic acid.

Starch is a homopolysaccharide made of glucose units, serving as a primary energy storage in plants.

Amylose and amylopectin are the two types of glucose polymers that make up starch, differing in their structure and properties.

Glycogen is the main energy storage polysaccharide in animals, similar in structure to amylopectin.

Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage, while glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose for energy.

Dextrins are smaller, partially broken-down products of starch formed by hydrolysis.

Dextrins are a type of polysaccharide made up of smaller, fragmented units of starch. They form sticky, gummy masses and are used in various applications, including food, adhesives, and medicines.

The three types of dextrins are categorized based on their structure and how they interact with iodine. Amylodextrins are straight and resemble starch, Erythrodextrins are branched, and Achrodextrins are smaller and unbranched versions of amylodextrins.

A well-defined dextrin formed when starch is broken down by β-Amylase. No further action can be observed after β-Amylase has finished working on it.

Cellulose is a long, straight chain of glucose units linked together by β 1-4 glycosidic bonds. It is undigestible by humans due to the absence of an enzyme that can break down the β-linkage.

A homopolysaccharide composed of repeated units of sulphated galactose. It is found in seaweed and has various uses in medicine and microbiology.

A homopolysaccharide made up of repeating fructose units linked by β1-2 bonds. It is found in plants like artichokes and onions. It's used in medical tests to assess kidney function and fluid volume.