Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of the anomeric carbon in monosaccharides?
What is the role of the anomeric carbon in monosaccharides?
- It is always the last carbon in the chain.
- It is the C that is part of the C=O group. (correct)
- It determines the sweetness of the sugar.
- It is the carbon that forms a double bond with oxygen.
Which statement correctly describes the formation of ring structures in hexose sugars?
Which statement correctly describes the formation of ring structures in hexose sugars?
- The C=O group reacts with the OH group to form a ring. (correct)
- The ring structures can only be 6-sided.
- The ring structure cannot stabilize in aqueous solutions.
- Anomeric carbon remains part of the carbon chain.
What distinguishes alpha (α) and beta (β) glucose isomers?
What distinguishes alpha (α) and beta (β) glucose isomers?
- The orientation of the -OH group on carbon 1. (correct)
- The number of oxygen atoms in the molecule.
- The type of glycosidic linkage formed.
- The carbon chain length in the molecule.
Which disaccharide is formed from two glucose molecules?
Which disaccharide is formed from two glucose molecules?
What type of bond is formed between monosaccharides during condensation reactions?
What type of bond is formed between monosaccharides during condensation reactions?
What type of bond links glucose monomers in starch?
What type of bond links glucose monomers in starch?
Which statement best describes lactose intolerance?
Which statement best describes lactose intolerance?
What is the main function of glycogen in the human body?
What is the main function of glycogen in the human body?
Which sugar molecule is considered the major form of sugar in milk?
Which sugar molecule is considered the major form of sugar in milk?
What distinguishes amylopectin from amylose?
What distinguishes amylopectin from amylose?
In plants, where is starch primarily stored?
In plants, where is starch primarily stored?
What type of linkage is prominent in the main chain of glycogen?
What type of linkage is prominent in the main chain of glycogen?
What is the primary component of sucrose?
What is the primary component of sucrose?
What role does insulin play in glucose management?
What role does insulin play in glucose management?
What is the effect of dietary starch on animals?
What is the effect of dietary starch on animals?
Flashcards
Anomeric Carbon
Anomeric Carbon
The carbon atom in a monosaccharide that forms the carbonyl group (C=O).
Ring Formation
Ring Formation
The process where a monosaccharide forms a ring structure by reacting its anomeric carbon (C=O) with an -OH group.
Alpha (α) and Beta (β) Isomers
Alpha (α) and Beta (β) Isomers
Two forms of a monosaccharide that differ only in the orientation of the -OH group attached to the anomeric carbon.
Disaccharide
Disaccharide
A sugar consisting of two monosaccharides linked together through a glycosidic bond.
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Glycosidic Linkage
Glycosidic Linkage
The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, involving the -OH group on the anomeric carbon of one and the -OH group on another.
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α-1,4 linkage
α-1,4 linkage
A type of glycosidic linkage where the anomeric carbon is on the α side of the ring and is linked to the 4th carbon of the next monosaccharide.
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β-1,4 linkage
β-1,4 linkage
A type of glycosidic linkage where the anomeric carbon is on the β side of the ring and is linked to the 4th carbon of the next monosaccharide.
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Maltose
Maltose
A disaccharide formed from glucose and glucose by an α-1,4 glycosidic linkage. It is produced in malted products.
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Lactose
Lactose
A disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose by a β-1,4 glycosidic linkage. It's the main sugar in milk.
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Sucrose
Sucrose
A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose by an α-1,β-2 glycosidic linkage. It is table sugar and the main sugar transported in plants.
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
A long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. They serve as storage or structural components in cells.
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Starch
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants. Composed of amylose and amylopectin, it's broken down into glucose by animals.
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Amylopectin
Amylopectin
A branched form of starch. It has α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages.
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Glycogen
Glycogen
A storage polysaccharide in animals. It's similar to amylopectin, but more branched.
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Insulin
Insulin
A hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels. It signals cells to absorb glucose and store it as glycogen.
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Linear Monosaccharides
- Carbon 1 is the anomeric carbon, located at the C=O (carbonyl) carbon.
- In aqueous solutions, hexose sugars form rings.
Ring Structures
- Anomeric carbon (C=O group) reacts with an OH group to form stable 5- or 6-sided rings.
- No atoms are lost during ring formation.
Alpha and Beta Orientation
- When glucose forms a ring, the -OH group on carbon 1 can be in two orientations: alpha (α) or beta (β).
- Alpha (α): The -OH group is below the ring, opposite to the -CH2OH group.
- Beta (β): The -OH group is above the ring, on the same side as the -CH2OH group.
- These are isomers; same composition but different arrangement.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined through a condensation reaction.
- The bond formed is a glycosidic linkage.
- Examples:
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Disaccharide Linkage Naming
- To name the linkage, identify the anomeric carbon's α or β position.
- Number the carbons and determine which two are linked.
- Examples: α-1,4 linkage.
Maltose
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + H₂O
- Found in malted products (e.g., beer).
Lactose
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + H₂O
- Major sugar in milk.
- Lactose intolerance: Individuals have low lactase enzyme (small intestine), resulting in diarrhea, gas, and bloating after dairy consumption.
Sucrose
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + H₂O
- Table sugar; major transport form of sugars in plants.
Polysaccharides
- Polymers of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
- Two main types:
- Storage: Energy storage molecules, hydrolyzed as needed.
- Structural: Building materials for cells.
Starch
- Storage polysaccharide in plants.
- Stored in plastids (chloroplasts).
- Hydrolyzed by animals for energy.
- Composed of two forms:
- Amylose: Unbranched, α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
- Amylopectin: Branched, α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds.
- Major sources: Potatoes and grains.
Glycogen
- Storage polysaccharide in animal liver and muscle cells.
- Similar to amylopectin, but with more branching.
- Hydrolyzed when the body needs more glucose.
- Main chain linkage: α-1,4 glycosidic bond.
- Branch linkage: α-1,6 glycosidic bond.
Insulin
- Insulin helps the body store excess glucose.
- It enables glucose conversion into energy and glycogen storage in the liver and muscles.
- Glycogen is produced and stored in muscle cells as well, and used for energy during strenuous activity. Glucose is converted into lactic acid.
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