Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview

<p>α-1,4 glucosidic linkage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a free carbonyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dihydroxyacetone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot be further hydrolyzed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have less asymmetric carbon atoms than aldoses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereoisomers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>[CH2O]n (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates with 3-10 sugar units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as structural components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pentose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L isomers have the OH group on the left side. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epimers differ in configuration around only one carbon atom. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isomers that differ around the anomeric carbon after cyclization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the spontaneous change of the optical rotation angle in sugar solutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The activities of its isomers cancel each other out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are all soluble in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carbon atom bonded to four different groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>+19 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucuronic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are glycosides formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugar alcohols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing sugar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms a corresponding alcohol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldonic or Aldaric acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simple sugars that cannot be further broken down into smaller sugars.

Carbohydrates formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.

Carbohydrates composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units.

Large carbohydrates consisting of many monosaccharide units linked together.

The chemical bond that links monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

The general formula of many simple carbohydrates is [CH₂O]ₙ, where n = 3-8.

Carbohydrates are a primary energy source, storage form, structural component, and part of nucleic acids.

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides that cause a rapid rise in blood sugar.

Non-superimposable mirror images due to asymmetric carbon atom arrangements.

A carbon atom bonded to four different atoms or groups

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

OH group on right side, majority of sugars in humans

OH group on left side, mirror image of the D-isomer

Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms

Non-superimposable mirror images that have opposite optical activities

A type of stereoisomerism arising from the presence of chiral centers

Isomerism between a ketose and an aldose with the same molecular formula

Non-mirror image isomers that differ in configurations

Diastereomers, different in configuration at only one carbon

A specific type of diastereomerism involving differing configuration at only one chiral center

Spontaneous change in optical rotation of sugar solution due to anomer conversion

A specific type of stereoisomerism involving the different configuration around the anomeric carbon

Equal amounts of enantiomers, no optical activity

Calculated as 2^n, where n is the number of asymmetric carbon atoms

Hydrolysis of sucrose by acid or enzyme (sucrase/invertase) producing glucose and fructose.

A disaccharide of galactose and glucose linked by a β(1,4) glycosidic bond. Contains a free aldehyde group.

Lactose is beneficial for babies due to its non-fermentability, mild laxative effect, and being a source of galactose for brain/nerve development.

Disaccharide formed by two α-D-glucose molecules joined by an α(1,4) glycosidic bond.

Maltose is a reducing sugar, showing optical activity and mutarotation, hydrolyzed by maltase to glucose, and reduces Fehling/Benedict solutions.

A process where microorganisms produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, obtaining energy without oxygen.

Formation of an ester with phosphoric acid, importantly creating glucose 6-phosphate.

Converting a primary alcohol group to an uronic acid, like glucuronic acid, key in glycosaminoglycans.

Free aldehyde or ketone groups in sugars can be reduced to respective alcohols, e.g., accumulation of sorbitol can lead to health problems.

Some sugars reduces Fehling & Benedict reagents, use for detecting sugars in urine (e.g. diabetes).

Aldo-sugars can be oxidized into aldonic or aldaric acids depending on the oxidation agent's strength.

Disaccharides are formed by linking two monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds; Examples include Maltose, Lactose and sucrose

Sucrose (table sugar) is formed by linking glucose and fructose, doesn't reduce Fehling/Benedict solutions, and lacks a free aldehyde/ketone group.