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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to drugs that reduce or prevent seizures?
Which term refers to drugs that reduce or prevent seizures?
- Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors
- Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (correct)
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Biological response modifiers (BRMs)
What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?
What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?
- Reduce or prevent seizures
- Delay memory loss (correct)
- Modify the patient's immune response
- Suppress the activity of the COMT enzyme
What do catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors do?
What do catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors do?
- Delay memory loss
- Suppress the activity of the COMT enzyme (correct)
- Modify the patient's immune response
- Reduce or prevent seizures
Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
What is the function of dopamine in arm muscle contractions?
What is the function of dopamine in arm muscle contractions?
Which CNS disorder is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Which CNS disorder is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
What happens when there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease?
What happens when there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease?
Which enzyme do COMT inhibitors suppress to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which enzyme do COMT inhibitors suppress to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which class of drugs allows existing dopamine to remain active in the brain longer?
Which class of drugs allows existing dopamine to remain active in the brain longer?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
What is the most important drug used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
What is the most important drug used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating body systems and activities, including movement and thinking?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating body systems and activities, including movement and thinking?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
Which drug is used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?
Which drug is used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?
What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which drug is commonly given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?
Which drug is commonly given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?
What is the issue of the drug losing its effectiveness after levodopa is used for several years called?
What is the issue of the drug losing its effectiveness after levodopa is used for several years called?
Which drug can minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
Which drug can minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
What is the most common adverse reaction to carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
What is the most common adverse reaction to carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
Which of the following is a motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's Disease?
What is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's Disease?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain?
Which symptoms can indicate low blood glucose?
Which symptoms can indicate low blood glucose?
Before starting pramipexole (Mirapex), what should be checked to rule out renal impairment?
Before starting pramipexole (Mirapex), what should be checked to rule out renal impairment?
When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals?
When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals?
Which of the following is NOT a motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is NOT a motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most common cause of Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most common cause of Parkinson's Disease?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain?
Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for modifying excitatory signals to skeletal muscles in Parkinson's Disease?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for modifying excitatory signals to skeletal muscles in Parkinson's Disease?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a common complication of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a common complication of Parkinson's Disease?
What happens to the dopamine levels in the brain when Parkinson's Disease drugs are administered?
What happens to the dopamine levels in the brain when Parkinson's Disease drugs are administered?
Which enzyme do COMT inhibitors suppress to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which enzyme do COMT inhibitors suppress to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
What is the most common therapy for Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most common therapy for Parkinson's Disease?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
What is the function of dopamine agonists in managing Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of dopamine agonists in managing Parkinson's disease?
Which drug class delays memory loss by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and slowing its action, which allows any acetylcholine produced to remain functional longer?
Which drug class delays memory loss by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and slowing its action, which allows any acetylcholine produced to remain functional longer?
What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
Which drug class modifies the patient's immune response to abnormal triggers for immunity and inflammation?
Which drug class modifies the patient's immune response to abnormal triggers for immunity and inflammation?
Which drug class reduces or prevents seizures?
Which drug class reduces or prevents seizures?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information between the brain and the organs, limbs, muscles, blood vessels, and glands?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information between the brain and the organs, limbs, muscles, blood vessels, and glands?
What is the function of a dopamine agonist?
What is the function of a dopamine agonist?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?
What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?
Which drug is usually given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effects and allow for lower doses of levodopa to be used?
Which drug is usually given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effects and allow for lower doses of levodopa to be used?
Which symptom can occur after levodopa is used for several years and is characterized by rapid swings of symptoms?
Which symptom can occur after levodopa is used for several years and is characterized by rapid swings of symptoms?
What is the extended-release form of carbidopa/levodopa and dopamine agonists used for?
What is the extended-release form of carbidopa/levodopa and dopamine agonists used for?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
Which symptoms should be observed for to indicate low blood glucose?
Which symptoms should be observed for to indicate low blood glucose?
Why should blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels be checked before starting pramipexole (Mirapex)?
Why should blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels be checked before starting pramipexole (Mirapex)?
Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists?
Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists?
When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals?
When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals?
How should rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patches be applied?
How should rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patches be applied?
How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn?
How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn?
Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is an excitatory neurotransmitter?
What is the main neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's Disease?
What is the main neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's Disease?
What is the function of dopamine in Parkinson's Disease?
What is the function of dopamine in Parkinson's Disease?
Which class of drugs is NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease?
Which class of drugs is NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease?
Which drug is given with carbidopa/levodopa to enhance its effect and should be taken with every dose of carbidopa/levodopa?
Which drug is given with carbidopa/levodopa to enhance its effect and should be taken with every dose of carbidopa/levodopa?
Which drug class breaks down dopamine in the brain and allows existing dopamine to remain active for longer?
Which drug class breaks down dopamine in the brain and allows existing dopamine to remain active for longer?
Which drug is the most important and commonly used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which drug is the most important and commonly used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following is a common motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a common motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain to restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain to restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?
Which drug is commonly given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?
Which drug is commonly given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?
Which drug can minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
Which drug can minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?
Which CNS disorder is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Which CNS disorder is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dystonia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dystonia?
Which drug is used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?
Which drug is used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
Which drug class slows the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons?
Which drug class slows the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons?
Which drug class is used to manage Alzheimer's disease by delaying memory loss?
Which drug class is used to manage Alzheimer's disease by delaying memory loss?
What is the function of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
What is the function of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of biological response modifiers (BRMs)?
What is the function of biological response modifiers (BRMs)?
Which of the following symptoms can indicate low blood glucose in a patient with Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following symptoms can indicate low blood glucose in a patient with Parkinson's Disease?
Why should blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels be checked before starting pramipexole (Mirapex)?
Why should blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels be checked before starting pramipexole (Mirapex)?
Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists for Parkinson's Disease?
Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists for Parkinson's Disease?
When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals for maximum effect in patients with Parkinson's Disease?
When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals for maximum effect in patients with Parkinson's Disease?
What is the recommended frequency of applying rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patches?
What is the recommended frequency of applying rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patches?
How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn in patients with Parkinson's Disease?
How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn in patients with Parkinson's Disease?
Which drug class is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
Which drug class is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?
Which drug class delays memory loss by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and slowing its action, which allows any acetylcholine produced to remain functional longer?
Which drug class delays memory loss by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and slowing its action, which allows any acetylcholine produced to remain functional longer?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
Which drug is used to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons?
Which drug is used to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in transmitting signals in the nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in transmitting signals in the nervous system?
Which drug class is used to reduce or prevent seizures by binding to sodium channels on nerve membranes in the brain?
Which drug class is used to reduce or prevent seizures by binding to sodium channels on nerve membranes in the brain?
What is the function of dopamine agonists in managing Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of dopamine agonists in managing Parkinson's disease?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for modifying excitatory signals to skeletal muscles in Parkinson's Disease?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for modifying excitatory signals to skeletal muscles in Parkinson's Disease?
What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?
What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?
What happens when there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease?
What happens when there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease?
Which drug is commonly used in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?
Which drug is commonly used in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?
What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?
Which drug class is contraindicated for patients with melanoma or closed-angle glaucoma?
Which drug class is contraindicated for patients with melanoma or closed-angle glaucoma?
What is the purpose of assessing the patient's motor skills and functional ability for walking and eating in Parkinson's disease?
What is the purpose of assessing the patient's motor skills and functional ability for walking and eating in Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following is a common motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a common motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
Which drug class is NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's Disease?
Which drug class is NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's Disease?
What is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's Disease?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by suppressing the activity of the COMT enzyme?
Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by suppressing the activity of the COMT enzyme?
Which drug is given with each dose of carbidopa/levodopa to enhance the drug effect?
Which drug is given with each dose of carbidopa/levodopa to enhance the drug effect?
Which drug class allows existing dopamine to remain active in the brain longer?
Which drug class allows existing dopamine to remain active in the brain longer?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's Disease who are between the ages of 50 and 70 years?
Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's Disease who are between the ages of 50 and 70 years?
Which symptoms should be observed for to indicate low blood glucose in a patient with Parkinson's Disease?
Which symptoms should be observed for to indicate low blood glucose in a patient with Parkinson's Disease?
Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists for Parkinson's Disease?
Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists for Parkinson's Disease?
What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn in patients with Parkinson's Disease?
How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn in patients with Parkinson's Disease?
What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?
What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?
What is the most common therapy for Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most common therapy for Parkinson's Disease?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Neurological Disorders
- Anticonvulsants are drugs that reduce or prevent seizures.
- Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, which can help manage Alzheimer's disease.
- Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors suppress the enzyme COMT, which breaks down dopamine, allowing existing dopamine to remain active for longer.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which helps to calm down or reduce the activity of neurons.
- Dopamine is involved in arm muscle contractions and is an essential neurotransmitter in the brain.
Parkinson's Disease
- Parkinson's disease is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
- When there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease, it can lead to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slow movement).
- Dopamine agonists, such as pramipexole, are used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action.
- COMT inhibitors, such as entacapone, are used to suppress the breakdown of dopamine, allowing existing dopamine to remain active for longer.
- Levodopa is the most important and commonly used drug to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
- Carbidopa is given with levodopa to enhance its effect and should be taken with every dose of levodopa.
- Dopamine agonists can be given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed.
- Dyskinesia is a complication of long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy, characterized by rapid swings of symptoms.
- The most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy is nausea.
Other Neurological Disorders
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Parkinson's disease.
- N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers are used to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons.
- Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, are used to manage Alzheimer's disease by delaying memory loss.
- Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to manage seizures by binding to sodium channels on nerve membranes in the brain.
Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for coordinating body systems and activities, including movement and thinking.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for relaying information between the brain and the organs, limbs, muscles, blood vessels, and glands.
- Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in transmitting signals in the nervous system.
- Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are used to modify the patient's immune response to abnormal triggers for immunity and inflammation.
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