PH 10 Drug Therapy for Central Nervous
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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to drugs that reduce or prevent seizures?

  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors
  • Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (correct)
  • Cholinesterase inhibitors
  • Biological response modifiers (BRMs)

    • What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?

  • Reduce or prevent seizures
  • Delay memory loss (correct)
  • Modify the patient's immune response
  • Suppress the activity of the COMT enzyme

    • What do catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors do?

  • Delay memory loss
  • Suppress the activity of the COMT enzyme (correct)
  • Modify the patient's immune response
  • Reduce or prevent seizures

    • Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dopamine in arm muscle contractions?

    <p>To modify arm muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CNS disorder is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Motor symptoms worsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do COMT inhibitors suppress to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>COMT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs allows existing dopamine to remain active in the brain longer?

    <p>MAO-B inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?

    <p>Carbidopa/levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important drug used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating body systems and activities, including movement and thinking?

    <p>Central nervous system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit electrical signals from one nerve to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?

    <p>Dopamine agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>To serve as a relay between the brain and the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the issue of the drug losing its effectiveness after levodopa is used for several years called?

    <p>Wearing off effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?

    <p>Pramipexole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse reaction to carbidopa/levodopa therapy?

    <p>Dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Parkinson's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain?

    <p>Dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms can indicate low blood glucose?

    <p>Headache, weakness, irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before starting pramipexole (Mirapex), what should be checked to rule out renal impairment?

    <p>Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals?

    <p>30 to 60 minutes before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>A combination of genetic, protective, and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain?

    <p>Dopamine and dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for modifying excitatory signals to skeletal muscles in Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dopamine levels in the brain when Parkinson's Disease drugs are administered?

    <p>Dopamine levels increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do COMT inhibitors suppress to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Catechol-O-methyltransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common therapy for Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?

    <p>Carbidopa/levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dopamine agonists in managing Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Increase the levels of dopamine in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class delays memory loss by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and slowing its action, which allows any acetylcholine produced to remain functional longer?

    <p>Cholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>To enhance the effectiveness of levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class modifies the patient's immune response to abnormal triggers for immunity and inflammation?

    <p>Biological response modifiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class reduces or prevents seizures?

    <p>Antiepileptic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information between the brain and the organs, limbs, muscles, blood vessels, and glands?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a dopamine agonist?

    <p>To increase the levels of dopamine in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit electrical signals from one nerve to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>To slow the progression of the disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is usually given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effects and allow for lower doses of levodopa to be used?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom can occur after levodopa is used for several years and is characterized by rapid swings of symptoms?

    <p>Dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extended-release form of carbidopa/levodopa and dopamine agonists used for?

    <p>To prevent the 'wearing off' effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?

    <p>Dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms should be observed for to indicate low blood glucose?

    <p>Headache, anxiety, shakiness, weakness, and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels be checked before starting pramipexole (Mirapex)?

    <p>To rule out renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists?

    <p>Other drugs used in the treatment of PD are metabolized by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals?

    <p>30 to 60 minutes before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patches be applied?

    <p>At the same time every day and rotate application sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn?

    <p>Slowly, because these drugs have a long half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dopamine in Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>To improve motor symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Anticholinergic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is given with carbidopa/levodopa to enhance its effect and should be taken with every dose of carbidopa/levodopa?

    <p>Entacapone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class breaks down dopamine in the brain and allows existing dopamine to remain active for longer?

    <p>MAO-B inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is the most important and commonly used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain to restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?

    <p>Dopamine and dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy?

    <p>Phenytoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CNS disorder is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

    <p>Epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?

    <p>Carbidopa/levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of dystonia?

    <p>Distortion in performing voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action?

    <p>Dopamine agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit electrical signals from one nerve to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class slows the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons?

    <p>NMDA blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is used to manage Alzheimer's disease by delaying memory loss?

    <p>Cholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?

    <p>To reduce or prevent seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>To suppress the activity of the COMT enzyme and help restore the acetylcholine-dopamine balance in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of biological response modifiers (BRMs)?

    <p>To modify the patient's immune response to abnormal triggers for immunity and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms can indicate low blood glucose in a patient with Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Shakiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels be checked before starting pramipexole (Mirapex)?

    <p>To check for kidney impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists for Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>To check for liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should dopamine agonists be given in relation to meals for maximum effect in patients with Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>30 to 60 minutes before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of applying rotigotine (Neupro) transdermal patches?

    <p>Once a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn in patients with Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease who are older than 70 years?

    <p>Cholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class delays memory loss by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and slowing its action, which allows any acetylcholine produced to remain functional longer?

    <p>Cholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons?

    <p>NMDA blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in transmitting signals in the nervous system?

    <p>To release electrical signals from one nerve to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is used to reduce or prevent seizures by binding to sodium channels on nerve membranes in the brain?

    <p>Phenytoins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dopamine agonists in managing Parkinson's disease?

    <p>To increase the levels of dopamine in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for modifying excitatory signals to skeletal muscles in Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Minimize the effect of dyskinesia caused by carbidopa/levodopa therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Improve cognitive function by blocking NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Muscle contractions become fast, jerky, and wild</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy?

    <p>Dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is contraindicated for patients with melanoma or closed-angle glaucoma?

    <p>Dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing the patient's motor skills and functional ability for walking and eating in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>To establish a baseline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Anticholinergic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Parkinson's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is used to manage Parkinson's Disease by suppressing the activity of the COMT enzyme?

    <p>COMT inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is given with each dose of carbidopa/levodopa to enhance the drug effect?

    <p>Entacapone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class allows existing dopamine to remain active in the brain longer?

    <p>MAO-B inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Parkinson's Disease who are between the ages of 50 and 70 years?

    <p>Pramipexole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms should be observed for to indicate low blood glucose in a patient with Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Headache, anxiety, shakiness, weakness, and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should liver enzymes be monitored before and during treatment with dopamine agonists for Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Because other drugs used in the treatment of PD are metabolized by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>To transmit sensory information from the body to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should dopamine agonists be withdrawn in patients with Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Slowly, because these drugs have a long half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>To block the entrance of calcium into neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common therapy for Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurotransmitters and Neurological Disorders

    • Anticonvulsants are drugs that reduce or prevent seizures.
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, which can help manage Alzheimer's disease.
    • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors suppress the enzyme COMT, which breaks down dopamine, allowing existing dopamine to remain active for longer.
    • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which helps to calm down or reduce the activity of neurons.
    • Dopamine is involved in arm muscle contractions and is an essential neurotransmitter in the brain.

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Parkinson's disease is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
    • When there is not enough dopamine present in Parkinson's disease, it can lead to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slow movement).
    • Dopamine agonists, such as pramipexole, are used to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain and restore balance between acetylcholine and dopamine action.
    • COMT inhibitors, such as entacapone, are used to suppress the breakdown of dopamine, allowing existing dopamine to remain active for longer.
    • Levodopa is the most important and commonly used drug to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
    • Carbidopa is given with levodopa to enhance its effect and should be taken with every dose of levodopa.
    • Dopamine agonists can be given in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the dosage of levodopa needed.
    • Dyskinesia is a complication of long-term carbidopa/levodopa therapy, characterized by rapid swings of symptoms.
    • The most common adverse reaction to long-term dopamine agonist therapy is nausea.

    Other Neurological Disorders

    • Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, second to Parkinson's disease.
    • N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers are used to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by blocking the entrance of calcium into neurons.
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, are used to manage Alzheimer's disease by delaying memory loss.
    • Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to manage seizures by binding to sodium channels on nerve membranes in the brain.

    Nervous System

    • The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for coordinating body systems and activities, including movement and thinking.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for relaying information between the brain and the organs, limbs, muscles, blood vessels, and glands.
    • Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in transmitting signals in the nervous system.
    • Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are used to modify the patient's immune response to abnormal triggers for immunity and inflammation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the benefits of combining carbidopa with levodopa in treating disease symptoms. Learn about the prevention of nausea and vomiting, as well as the issue of drug effectiveness.

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