Capstone Chapter 8: Stigma and Difference

Questions and Answers

What does visibility refer to in the context of bias?

Whether the bias for difference or stigma is readily apparent (race, gender, age) versus (learning disability, sexual orientation, and mental illness).

What is a narrative in relation to stigma?

Whether a well-known cultural story is associated with the difference, e.g., narrative of inferiority, oppression, rejection, etc.

Define coping.

Refers to a person's conscious and intentional efforts to regulate behavior (emotion, thought, physiology) or the environment in response to stressful events or circumstances.

What is stress?

When the resources needed to manage a particular situation are perceived to be more than you possess, you experience the situation as stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are ways coping responses eliminate stress? (Select all that apply)

Dealing directly with the stress-causing problem Signup and view all the answers

What are two sources of stress that make diversity challenging?

Stigma Signup and view all the answers

What is stigma?

A mark that distinguishes a person or group and sets it apart physically, socially, or psychologically. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes social and cultural difference?

People who do not fit in with the norms of a group, having different goals and values. Signup and view all the answers

What are the signals of conditions of stigmatized social status?

Differentiation and labeling of individuals, negative attributes attached to labeled individuals, separation of groups, and loss of status leading to discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

Define predicament in a social context.

An unpleasant, troublesome, or trying situation from which it is difficult to extricate oneself, often caused by stigma. Signup and view all the answers

What are conditions that pose predicaments for people? (Select all that apply)

Stereotype threat Signup and view all the answers

What does the category divide hypothesis refer to?

When differences between two people from different groups are believed to reflect essential differences, these differences are exaggerated, undermining common understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is internalized homophobia?

Negative feelings about one's sexual orientation, associated with less self-disclosure and feelings of connection to the gay and lesbian community. Signup and view all the answers

Define socialization.

What parents do with their children to prepare them to function effectively as adults in society, done by parents, family members, and peers. Signup and view all the answers

What is acculturation?

Focuses on acquiring knowledge and accepting a different culture while maintaining one's own culture. Signup and view all the answers

Define enculturation.

Parents may want their children to function effectively in their own culture. Signup and view all the answers

What is acculturative stress?

Tension experienced from the dual purpose of enculturation and acculturation. Signup and view all the answers

What does racial socialization involve?

Verbal and behavioral practices of families that inform a child about how race affects identity and social relations. Signup and view all the answers

What does proactive socialization positively relate to? (Select all that apply)

Self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Entering a new culture often produces opposing desires. What are they?

To retain one's cultural identity Signup and view all the answers

Match the four acculturation profiles with their descriptions:

Integration = High maintenance and involvement Ethnic = Sense of belonging, positive feelings about being a group member National = Strong orientation toward the new society Diffuse = Lack of commitment, direction, or purpose, socially isolated Signup and view all the answers

What is perceived discrimination?

Involves a person's perception that he or she has been unfairly treated in a given situation. Signup and view all the answers

Define stereotype threat.

Proposes that cues making a negative stereotype about your social group salient create anxiety and undermine performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is disruptive apprehension?

The anxiety that accompanies the awareness that you are in a stereotype-threatening situation. Signup and view all the answers

What does protective disidentification involve?

Defining or redefining the self-concept so that performance outcomes are not a basis of self-evaluation or personal identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype boost?

When a positive stereotype enhances performance. Signup and view all the answers

What are three ways that stress influences the quality of intergroup communication? (Select all that apply)

Pluralistic Ignorance Signup and view all the answers

Define attributional ambiguity.

Involves the ways people interpret others' statements and behaviors when intentions aren't entirely obvious. Signup and view all the answers

What is racial paralysis?

When a person does not want to look bad for needing to choose between a white and black person, they choose to do nothing. Signup and view all the answers

What does pluralistic ignorance refer to?

The reciprocal misunderstanding of the intentions and desires of others, especially when from different groups. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three different approaches to anticipation, expectation, and sensitivity to racial discrimination? (Select all that apply)

Universal Context of Racism Signup and view all the answers

What does racial identification hypothesis suggest?

Consistently attributing discrimination to widespread prejudice against your group leads to feelings of rejection and enhances identification with your own group. Signup and view all the answers

Define rejection sensitivity to race.

The extent to which a person is anxious about being rejected, likely to perceive rejection in ambiguous behaviors, and undergoes heightened arousal due to threatened rejection based on race. Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal context of racism?

Racism is a chronically accessible explanation for negative outcomes that motivates targets to be vigilant and wary. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Concepts of Coping and Stigma

Visibility: Refers to the apparent nature of stigma (e.g., race, gender) versus less visible differences (e.g., learning disabilities, mental illness).
Narrative: Cultural stories surrounding differences that may empower stereotypes of inferiority or oppression.

Coping Mechanisms

Coping: Intentional efforts to manage stress through behavioral, emotional, and environmental regulation.
Stress: Occurs when perceived resources are insufficient to manage a situation, leading to negative emotional responses.
Coping Responses: Two types include addressing the root cause of stress and emotional regulation to mitigate distress.

Stigma: A powerful phenomenon labeling social identities as inferior.
Social/Cultural Difference: The experience of individuals whose values and norms do not align with the dominant group.

Signals of Stigmatization

Individuals labeled as different face societal disapproval, leading to status loss and discrimination.
Negative cultural beliefs contribute to the segregation of labeled individuals from mainstream society.

Predicament and Internal Challenges

Predicament: Difficult situations resulting from stigma, which are hard to escape.
Conditions Causing Predicaments: Include awareness of negative identity perceptions, stereotype threats, personal experiences of prejudice, and ambiguous negative interactions.

Theoretical Frameworks

Category Divide Hypothesis: Beliefs about essential differences between groups can exaggerate divergences and reduce mutual understanding.
Internalized Homophobia: Negative self-perception regarding one's sexual orientation, leading to less connection with the LGBTQ+ community.

Cultural Adaptation Concepts

Socialization: The process through which parents prepare children to navigate societal norms and values.
Acculturation vs. Enculturation: Acculturation is gaining insights from another culture, while enculturation focuses on maintaining one's own cultural identity.
Acculturative Stress: Stress arising from the dual requirements of acculturation and enculturation.

Racial Socialization

Racial Socialization: The practice of educating children about race's influence on identity and societal interaction. It can be proactive or protective.
Proactive Socialization: Linked to positive outcomes like enhanced self-esteem and cognitive performance.

Intergroup Dynamics and Communication

Perceived Discrimination: The belief one has been unfairly treated, impacting psychological health.
Stereotype Threat: Awareness of negative stereotypes can create anxiety, undermining performance in stressful situations.

Responses to Racial Discrimination

Disruptive Apprehension: Anxiety when faced with situations reflecting negative stereotypes.
Protective Disidentification: Changing self-concept to avoid performance evaluations affecting personal identity.

Acculturation Profiles

Four Profiles: Integration (high maintenance and involvement), Ethnic (sense of belonging), National (orientation toward new society), Diffuse (lack of direction and commitment).

Psychological Influences of Stress

Attributional Ambiguity: Difficulty interpreting others' intentions due to uncertainty in social interactions.
Racial Paralysis: The paralyzing indecision experienced when choosing between individuals from different racial groups.
Pluralistic Ignorance: Misunderstandings that arise from differing social backgrounds, leading to isolation.

Anticipation of Discrimination

Racial Identification: Consistently linking discrimination to prejudice fosters group identity and enhances psychological health.
Rejection Sensitivity: Heightened anxiety related to the possibility of being rejected based on race.
Universal Context of Racism: Racism serves as a chronic framework for interpreting negative experiences, fostering vigilance.

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Description

Explore key concepts from Chapter 8 of the Capstone course, focusing on coping and adapting to stigma and difference. This quiz features flashcards that define crucial terms such as visibility, narrative, and coping. Enhance your understanding of these concepts and their implications in society.