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Questions and Answers

What is the nature of Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2)?

It is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus.

It is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus.

It is a nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus. (correct)

It is an enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus.

How long can Canine Parvovirus survive in the environment?

1 to 2 months

5 to 7 months (correct)

3 to 5 weeks

2 to 3 weeks

What dietary approach is recommended during the early stages of CPV-2 treatment?

Regular feeding every 2 hours after initial symptoms.

Strict vegetarian diet to ease digestion.

High protein diet immediately after diagnosis.

Nothing should be given orally for the first 12 to 24 hours. (correct)

Which of the following treatments is NOT included for severe cases of CPV-2?

Applying a high-salt dietary approach. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable concern when using aminoglycosides for treating CPV-2?

Nephrotoxicity associated with use. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes how rabies is diagnosed?

Diagnosis is made through postmortem examination of unfixed brain tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for preventing rabies in dogs and cats?

Vaccination with only inactivated or recombinant vaccines. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about treatment options for rabies is accurate?

There is no known effective treatment for rabies once symptoms appear. Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is specifically recommended to avoid rabies transmission?

Direct contact with pigs should be prevented. Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infection is characterized by being now rare due to effective vaccination?

Infectious canine hepatitis caused by canine adenovirus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Borreliosis?

By deer ticks attaching to the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals typically serve as reservoir hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi?

Mice and other rodents Signup and view all the answers

For a tick to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi, how long must it be attached to the skin?

48 hours Signup and view all the answers

In which regions of the U.S. are most cases of Borreliosis reported?

North Wisconsin and Minnesota Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is suggested for dogs that are at high risk for Borreliosis?

Vaccination against Borreliosis Signup and view all the answers

What does PCR testing primarily determine in dogs suspected of viral infections?

Infection status Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is NOT commonly associated with severe canine viral diseases?

Situational blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of vaccine interference in dogs?

Misinterpretation of PCR results Signup and view all the answers

What should be administered to manage CNS edema in symptomatic canine patients?

Dexamethasone Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is most crucial for young puppies against viral diseases?

Passive immunity from colostrum Signup and view all the answers

Why might PCR testing be falsely positive in vaccinated dogs?

Due to the live virus in vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended vaccination schedule for puppies to protect against viral diseases?

Starting at 6 weeks of age, every 3 weeks until 12-14 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT appropriate for dogs exhibiting symptoms of viral infection?

Vigorous physical training Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence of natural or modified vaccinations in dogs?

Delayed hypersensitivity anterior uveitis Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

Vaginal discharges Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis?

Liver biopsy Signup and view all the answers

How does Canine Herpesvirus (CHV) primarily transmit from an infected mother to her puppies?

Vaginal secretions during birth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about CAV-1 vaccination is true?

CAV-2 vaccination is recommended over CAV-1 vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of rabies is characterized by aggressive behavior and irritability?

Furious phase Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of rabies do clinical signs typically appear after a period of viral shedding?

Within 2 to 8 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred diagnostic test for rabies postmortem?

Direct fluorescent antibody test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is NOT commonly recognized as a reservoir for rabies?

Cats Signup and view all the answers

What kind of paralysis can occur during the paralytic phase of rabies?

Ascending paralysis of the limbs Signup and view all the answers

How does rabies achieve entry into the body?

Through a bite wound Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main clinical signs to identify feline rotavirus infection?

Mild diarrhea in neonates Signup and view all the answers

Which route is primarily responsible for transmitting feline astrovirus?

Fecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common clinical sign of Borrelia infection in dogs?

Polyarthritis causing shifting-leg lameness Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infected dogs display clinical signs of Borrelia infection?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Which tests are used for the serologic diagnosis of Borrelia infection?

ELISA and IFA antibody titers Signup and view all the answers

In which breeds of dogs is protein-losing glomerulopathy and renal failure a documented complication of Borrelia infection?

Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding IgM titers in the diagnosis of Borrelia infection?

They are not useful for diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known to cause skin lesions that can potentially regress?

Cowpox Virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted via mosquito bites and can lead to meningoencephalitis in certain animals?

West Nile Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the infection caused by Bornavirus in dogs and cats?

Fatal neurological disease Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infection is common in cats but does not typically show any noticeable clinical signs?

Feline Foamy Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of transmission for Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy?

Ingestion of infected meat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with Hantavirus in humans?

Hemorrhagic fever Signup and view all the answers

Which rickettsial disease is most prevalent in which region of the United States?

Southeastern and South Central states Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infection in cats leads to fatal pneumonia?

Avian Influenza H5N1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the reservoirs of Bartonella henselae?

Cats are the main reservoir for Bartonella henselae and may also carry other species. Signup and view all the answers

In what context should diagnostic testing for Bartonellosis in cats be performed?

Exclusively on cats exhibiting clinical signs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with treating cats for Feline Bartonellosis with doxycycline or azithromycin?

Carriage of the infection by most owners leading to health risks. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical signs may occasionally occur in cats with bacteremia from Bartonellosis?

Fever. Signup and view all the answers

What factors are linked to the prevalence of Feline Bartonellosis in cats?

Presence of fleas and age of the cat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to identify Leptospira organisms in urine samples?

Dark-field microscopy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following serovars is not associated with leptospirosis infections in the US?

L. serovar Typhi Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is most commonly observed due to leptospirosis?

Acute renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical timing for bacteremia to develop after leptospirosis infection?

4 to 12 days Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory findings is commonly associated with leptospirosis?

Thrombocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction is associated with leptospirosis vaccines, particularly in small breeds under 9 weeks of age?

Anaphylactic reactions Signup and view all the answers

After initial treatment with amoxicillin for leptospirosis, what is the next recommended treatment to eliminate the renal carrier state?

Doxycycline Signup and view all the answers

In what locations is leptospirosis most commonly prevalent, especially during late summer and fall?

Periurban areas Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Canine Viral Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment

Immunofluorescent assay can be used to diagnose canine viral diseases.
Disease can be diagnosed from affected epithelium
If the dog only shows neurological signs or if circulating antibodies are present, the test may be negative.
Retinitis and chorioretinitis are common signs of viral posterior segment disease.
A severe immune response can lead to widespread viral infection, resulting in significant clinical signs and a high mortality rate.
Multisystemic signs can include depression, anorexia, fever, rhinitis, nasal discharge, cough, tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis, retinal atrophy, retinal detachment, blindness, CNS signs, enamel hypoplasia, hard pad disease, nasodigital hyperkeratosis, and cardiomyopathy.
PCR testing can be positive even when the animal is vaccinated.
False-positive PCR results are possible.
PCR can help determine infection, but not vaccination status.
RT-PCR can be used on any sample to detect infection.
Vaccine interference can occur up to 3 weeks after vaccination.
Treatment for canine viral diseases is primarily symptomatic and supportive.
Antibiotics, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, dexamethasone for CNS edema, and anticonvulsant therapy for seizures may be used.
High mortality rate in young puppies and irreversible neurological deficits are possible outcomes.
Prevention includes passive immunity from colostrum and vaccination.
Measles vaccine can provide some protection for young puppies but may not be effective in reducing disease spread.
Vaccinate puppies starting at 6 weeks old and every 3 weeks until 12 to 14 weeks old.
Boosters are recommended 1 year later and every 3 years after.
Postvaccinal encephalitis can occur within a few weeks of distemper vaccination, especially in neonatal puppies.

Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2)

Nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus
Thought to have evolved from feline panleukopenia virus.
Transmission is fecal-oral.
The virus can survive for 5 to 7 months in the environment
High resistance to environmental factors.
Vaccination is recommended at 12-14 weeks of age, with boosters at 1 year and every 3 years after.
Postvaccinal encephalitis can rarely occur a few weeks after distemper vaccination, particularly in neonatal puppies.
Magnesium may need to be supplemented in severe cases due to deficiency.
Dextrose can be used to control hypoglycemia.
Use hetastarch if balanced crystalloid solutions are not maintaining stability.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics (parenterally) are used to control bacterial complications.
Cefazolin or ampicillin alone can be used for mild cases, or in combination with aminoglycosides or fluoroquinolones in severe cases.
Aminoglycosides should be used with caution due to their potential for nephrotoxicity.
Avoid giving food orally for 12 to 24 hours.
Partial parenteral nutrition may be needed if vomiting persists.
Use a bleach solution (1:32 dilution) for 10 minutes to disinfect the environment, or peroxygen, which is also effective.

Rabies

Rabies is caused by a rhabdovirus that attacks the nervous system.
The virus is shed in saliva.
Skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes are reservoir animals.
Rabies can be inactivated by most disinfectants.
Enter the body through bite wounds.
Travels along the peripheral nerves to the CNS.
Signs typically develop within 2 to 8 weeks.
The virus is shed in saliva 10 days before clinical signs appear.
Shedding continues until death.
Once clinical signs begin, death often occurs within 3 to 10 days.
Prodromal phase can last a few days and shows subtle signs of erratic behavior.
Furious phase lasts 2 to 4 days with erratic behavior, aggression, irritability, pica, roaming, ataxia, seizures, and paralysis.
Paralytic phase lasts 2 to 4 days with ascending paralysis of the limbs, laryngeal and pharyngeal paralysis.
Atypical rabies can occur in dogs, cats, bats, and skunks.
Diagnosis is made postmortem.
Chill the animal's head, but do not freeze.
Direct fluorescent antibody test is the preferred test for examining brain or salivary glands.
Negri bodies are intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions found in most affected tissue.
Serologic tests are used in pigs and cats.
Diagnosis is made postmortem by examining unfixed brain tissue for the virus.
No effective treatment for rabies exists.
Prevention includes avoiding direct contact with pigs.
Never feed raw pork.
Vaccinations protect against rabies.
Only inactivated and recombinant vaccines are available in the US.
Do not use rabies titers in animals as they may not correlate with protection.
Do not vaccinate wild animals or hybrids against rabies as there are no vaccines licensed for these animals.

Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)

Caused by canine adenovirus (CAV-1).
Wolves, bears, and dogs are susceptible.
Infection occurs through oronasal exposure and is resistant to disinfection.
Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, pneumonitis, and hemorrhage.
CNS signs and ocular diseases such as corneal edema or anterior uveitis might be present.
Persistent chronic hepatitis can develop.
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs in unvaccinated dogs.
Confirmed by serology, virus isolation, or histopathology (intranuclear viral inclusions).
Treatment is supportive.
CAV-2 vaccination is highly effective.
CAV-1 vaccines are not recommended due to potential side effects such as anterior uveitis, mild nephritis, and urine shedding of viruses.

Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis

Transmissible and distinct from CAV-1 and CAV-2.
Clinical signs include acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Liver tests (alanine aminotransferase and alanine phosphatase) are most consistent with liver disease.
Final diagnosis often depends on a liver biopsy.
Treatment is supportive for liver failure.

Canine Herpesvirus (CHV)

Dogs remain carriers for life once infected.
Transmission can occur during birth (contact with vaginal secretions), or via oronasal contact with secretions from an infected mother.
Fetal infection can lead to fetal resorption, late-gestation abortion, or stillbirth.

Viral Infections in Animals: Pox Viruses

Cowpox Virus can be transmitted to humans.
Skin lesions, which usually regress, are the primary symptom.

Other Viruses

West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes to birds, humans, horses, dogs, and cats.
Meningoencephalitis in birds, humans, and horses is a potential symptom.
Symptoms in dogs and cats are usually minimal.
Bornavirus is presumed to be transmitted through a vector.
Fatal neurological disease in dogs and cats, mostly in Europe and Japan.
Human infection is possible.
Other Vector-Borne Viruses in dogs and cats include equine togaviruses (equine encephalitis), flaviviruses, bunyaviruses (Rift Valley fever), and orbiviruses (African horse sickness).
Avian Influenza H5N1 can cause fatal pneumonia in cats.
Hantavirus is endemic in rodents, and found in cats in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Subclinical infection in cats, but life-threatening in humans causing hemorrhagic fever, renal or pulmonary syndromes.
Feline Foamy Virus (Spumavirus) is common but causes no noticeable clinical signs.
Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy is caused by the same prion as bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
Ingestion of infected meat can lead to transmission.
Neurologic signs appear after a long incubation period and slowly progress to death. There is no treatment.

Rickettsial Diseases

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsiae.
Most prevalent in the Southeastern, Midwestern, and Southern Atlantic & South Central states of the United States.

Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)

Caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Primarily transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes spp.).
Ticks must attach to the skin for at least 48 hours to transmit the bacteria.
Borrelia spreads through connective tissue.
Deer are typically not infected; Mice and other rodents serve as the reservoir hosts.
Migratory birds can transport deer ticks long distances.
Vaccinate dogs at high risk (e.g., dogs in tick-infested areas).
Avoid tick bites using topical applications (e.g., amitraz).
Most cases occur in the North Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Dogs that are seropositive for the disease do not usually require treatment.
Some dogs may exhibit lameness.

Borrelia Infection in Animals

80% of ticks may carry Borrelia.
Clinical signs are present in only 5% of infected dogs.
Subclinical infection is common.
Clinical signs typically develop 2 to 5 months after exposure.
Polyarthritis causing shifting-leg lameness is the most frequent clinical sign.
Swelling and joint pain are common and may progress to chronic arthritis.
Synovial fluid analysis reveals suppurative inflammation.
Borreliosis is less well documented in cats.
Many cats are seropositive.

Complications of Borrelia Infections in Dogs

Protein-losing glomerulopathy and renal failure are common complications, particularly in Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers.
Glomerulonephritis (kidney with hemorrhagic spots).

Diagnosis of Borrelia Infection

Serologic tests are used to detect Borrelia antibodies.
ELISA and IFA antibody titers do not differentiate between natural infection and vaccination.
Titers increase 4-6 weeks after exposure.
Positive titers can persist for years.
IgM titers are not useful for diagnosis.

Systemic Bacterial Infectious Diseases: Leptospirosis

Leptospira are spirochetes that colonize the proximal renal tubules.
L.icterohaemorrhagiae, L.canicola, L.pomona, L.bratislava, L.grippotyphosa, and L.autumnalis are common serovars in the US.
Wild animals (rodents, raccoons, skunks, squirrels) are sources of infection.
Infection occurs via skin penetration with contaminated water, food, bedding, or soil.
Prevalence of leptospirosis is increasing, especially in periurban areas.
Most common during late summer and early fall or after periods of heavy rain.
Bacteremia occurs 4 to 12 days after infection.
Kidneys and liver are common target organs.

Clinical Signs of Leptospirosis

Acute clinical signs.
Most often due to acute renal failure and/or acute hepatic failure, sometimes with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).

Diagnosis of Leptospirosis

Azotemia (increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine).
Increased serum liver enzymes.
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
Kidney ultrasound often shows increased echogenicity in 75% of cases, possibly with demarcation of the corticomedullary border (medullary rim sign).
Microscopic agglutination test can indicate current or past infection, or leptospiral vaccination.
A high single titer (e.g., 1:800) or a four-fold increase in paired serum samples suggests current infection.
Combined immunoglobulin tests can distinguish natural infection from prior vaccination, but cannot distinguish between serovars.
Leptospira organisms can be identified by dark-field microscopy of fresh urine.
Culture is difficult and rarely used for diagnosis.

Treatment of Leptospirosis

Treatment can be effective in 75% to 90% of cases with chronic renal failure as a possible outcome.
Supportive care in the initial phase is provided for acute renal failure, with either penicillin or amoxicillin.
Doxycycline is used after amoxicillin therapy to eliminate the renal carrier state.

Prevention of Leptospirosis

Vaccines can reduce the incidence of Leptospirosis.
Multivalent vaccine containing L.pomona, L.grippotyphosa, L.canicola, and L.icterohaemorrhagiae provides broad protection.
Anaphylactic reactions can occur, especially in small breeds under 9 weeks of age.

Feline Bartonellosis (Cat Scratch Disease)

Cats are the main reservoir for Bartonella henselae, but may also be a reservoir for B.clarridgeiae, B.koehlerae, and B.bovis.
Transmission occurs through fleas but can also occur through blood transfusions.
Prevalence is high in flea-infested areas.
Cats younger than 1 year are most commonly infected.
Clinical signs are rare in cats.
Most cats with bacteremia are clinically healthy.

Feline Bartonellosis: Clinical Signs

Occasionally, fever, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, gingivitis, and endocarditis may occur.

Diagnosis of Feline Bartonellosis

Diagnostic testing should only be performed on cats exhibiting clinical signs.

Treatment of Feline Bartonellosis

Doxycycline or Azithromycin are often used for treatment, but can result in most owners becoming carriers, leading to weak owners who are at risk.

Mycobacteriosis

Mycobacterium species that causes granulomas.
M.tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation.
M.avium is transmitted via milk, water, or waterborne sources.
Genetic factors contribute to susceptibility.

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Description

This quiz will test your knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of viral diseases in dogs. Key topics include the use of immunofluorescent assays, PCR testing, and common clinical signs associated with these diseases. Understand the complexities of diagnosis when considering vaccination status and immune responses.