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Questions and Answers
What is the nature of Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2)?
How long can Canine Parvovirus survive in the environment?
What dietary approach is recommended during the early stages of CPV-2 treatment?
Which of the following treatments is NOT included for severe cases of CPV-2?
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What is a notable concern when using aminoglycosides for treating CPV-2?
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Which statement accurately describes how rabies is diagnosed?
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What is the recommended method for preventing rabies in dogs and cats?
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Which of the following statements about treatment options for rabies is accurate?
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What preventive measure is specifically recommended to avoid rabies transmission?
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Which viral infection is characterized by being now rare due to effective vaccination?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Borreliosis?
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Which of the following animals typically serve as reservoir hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi?
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For a tick to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi, how long must it be attached to the skin?
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In which regions of the U.S. are most cases of Borreliosis reported?
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Which preventive measure is suggested for dogs that are at high risk for Borreliosis?
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What does PCR testing primarily determine in dogs suspected of viral infections?
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Which clinical sign is NOT commonly associated with severe canine viral diseases?
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What is a potential consequence of vaccine interference in dogs?
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What should be administered to manage CNS edema in symptomatic canine patients?
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Which preventive measure is most crucial for young puppies against viral diseases?
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Why might PCR testing be falsely positive in vaccinated dogs?
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What is the recommended vaccination schedule for puppies to protect against viral diseases?
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Which treatment is NOT appropriate for dogs exhibiting symptoms of viral infection?
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What is a potential long-term consequence of natural or modified vaccinations in dogs?
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Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis?
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How does Canine Herpesvirus (CHV) primarily transmit from an infected mother to her puppies?
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Which of the following statements about CAV-1 vaccination is true?
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Which phase of rabies is characterized by aggressive behavior and irritability?
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In which phase of rabies do clinical signs typically appear after a period of viral shedding?
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What is the preferred diagnostic test for rabies postmortem?
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Which of the following animals is NOT commonly recognized as a reservoir for rabies?
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What kind of paralysis can occur during the paralytic phase of rabies?
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How does rabies achieve entry into the body?
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What is one of the main clinical signs to identify feline rotavirus infection?
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Which route is primarily responsible for transmitting feline astrovirus?
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What is the most common clinical sign of Borrelia infection in dogs?
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What percentage of infected dogs display clinical signs of Borrelia infection?
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Which tests are used for the serologic diagnosis of Borrelia infection?
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In which breeds of dogs is protein-losing glomerulopathy and renal failure a documented complication of Borrelia infection?
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What is true regarding IgM titers in the diagnosis of Borrelia infection?
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Which virus is known to cause skin lesions that can potentially regress?
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Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted via mosquito bites and can lead to meningoencephalitis in certain animals?
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What is a significant outcome of the infection caused by Bornavirus in dogs and cats?
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Which viral infection is common in cats but does not typically show any noticeable clinical signs?
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What is the route of transmission for Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with Hantavirus in humans?
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Which rickettsial disease is most prevalent in which region of the United States?
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Which viral infection in cats leads to fatal pneumonia?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the reservoirs of Bartonella henselae?
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In what context should diagnostic testing for Bartonellosis in cats be performed?
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What is a potential risk associated with treating cats for Feline Bartonellosis with doxycycline or azithromycin?
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Which of the following clinical signs may occasionally occur in cats with bacteremia from Bartonellosis?
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What factors are linked to the prevalence of Feline Bartonellosis in cats?
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What is the primary method used to identify Leptospira organisms in urine samples?
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Which of the following serovars is not associated with leptospirosis infections in the US?
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What clinical sign is most commonly observed due to leptospirosis?
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What is the typical timing for bacteremia to develop after leptospirosis infection?
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Which laboratory findings is commonly associated with leptospirosis?
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What adverse reaction is associated with leptospirosis vaccines, particularly in small breeds under 9 weeks of age?
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After initial treatment with amoxicillin for leptospirosis, what is the next recommended treatment to eliminate the renal carrier state?
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In what locations is leptospirosis most commonly prevalent, especially during late summer and fall?
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Study Notes
Canine Viral Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment
- Immunofluorescent assay can be used to diagnose canine viral diseases.
- Disease can be diagnosed from affected epithelium
- If the dog only shows neurological signs or if circulating antibodies are present, the test may be negative.
- Retinitis and chorioretinitis are common signs of viral posterior segment disease.
- A severe immune response can lead to widespread viral infection, resulting in significant clinical signs and a high mortality rate.
- Multisystemic signs can include depression, anorexia, fever, rhinitis, nasal discharge, cough, tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis, retinal atrophy, retinal detachment, blindness, CNS signs, enamel hypoplasia, hard pad disease, nasodigital hyperkeratosis, and cardiomyopathy.
- PCR testing can be positive even when the animal is vaccinated.
- False-positive PCR results are possible.
- PCR can help determine infection, but not vaccination status.
- RT-PCR can be used on any sample to detect infection.
- Vaccine interference can occur up to 3 weeks after vaccination.
- Treatment for canine viral diseases is primarily symptomatic and supportive.
- Antibiotics, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, dexamethasone for CNS edema, and anticonvulsant therapy for seizures may be used.
- High mortality rate in young puppies and irreversible neurological deficits are possible outcomes.
- Prevention includes passive immunity from colostrum and vaccination.
- Measles vaccine can provide some protection for young puppies but may not be effective in reducing disease spread.
- Vaccinate puppies starting at 6 weeks old and every 3 weeks until 12 to 14 weeks old.
- Boosters are recommended 1 year later and every 3 years after.
- Postvaccinal encephalitis can occur within a few weeks of distemper vaccination, especially in neonatal puppies.
Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2)
- Nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus
- Thought to have evolved from feline panleukopenia virus.
- Transmission is fecal-oral.
- The virus can survive for 5 to 7 months in the environment
- High resistance to environmental factors.
- Vaccination is recommended at 12-14 weeks of age, with boosters at 1 year and every 3 years after.
- Postvaccinal encephalitis can rarely occur a few weeks after distemper vaccination, particularly in neonatal puppies.
- Magnesium may need to be supplemented in severe cases due to deficiency.
- Dextrose can be used to control hypoglycemia.
- Use hetastarch if balanced crystalloid solutions are not maintaining stability.
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics (parenterally) are used to control bacterial complications.
- Cefazolin or ampicillin alone can be used for mild cases, or in combination with aminoglycosides or fluoroquinolones in severe cases.
- Aminoglycosides should be used with caution due to their potential for nephrotoxicity.
- Avoid giving food orally for 12 to 24 hours.
- Partial parenteral nutrition may be needed if vomiting persists.
- Use a bleach solution (1:32 dilution) for 10 minutes to disinfect the environment, or peroxygen, which is also effective.
Rabies
- Rabies is caused by a rhabdovirus that attacks the nervous system.
- The virus is shed in saliva.
- Skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes are reservoir animals.
- Rabies can be inactivated by most disinfectants.
- Enter the body through bite wounds.
- Travels along the peripheral nerves to the CNS.
- Signs typically develop within 2 to 8 weeks.
- The virus is shed in saliva 10 days before clinical signs appear.
- Shedding continues until death.
- Once clinical signs begin, death often occurs within 3 to 10 days.
- Prodromal phase can last a few days and shows subtle signs of erratic behavior.
- Furious phase lasts 2 to 4 days with erratic behavior, aggression, irritability, pica, roaming, ataxia, seizures, and paralysis.
- Paralytic phase lasts 2 to 4 days with ascending paralysis of the limbs, laryngeal and pharyngeal paralysis.
- Atypical rabies can occur in dogs, cats, bats, and skunks.
- Diagnosis is made postmortem.
- Chill the animal's head, but do not freeze.
- Direct fluorescent antibody test is the preferred test for examining brain or salivary glands.
- Negri bodies are intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions found in most affected tissue.
- Serologic tests are used in pigs and cats.
- Diagnosis is made postmortem by examining unfixed brain tissue for the virus.
- No effective treatment for rabies exists.
- Prevention includes avoiding direct contact with pigs.
- Never feed raw pork.
- Vaccinations protect against rabies.
- Only inactivated and recombinant vaccines are available in the US.
- Do not use rabies titers in animals as they may not correlate with protection.
- Do not vaccinate wild animals or hybrids against rabies as there are no vaccines licensed for these animals.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)
- Caused by canine adenovirus (CAV-1).
- Wolves, bears, and dogs are susceptible.
- Infection occurs through oronasal exposure and is resistant to disinfection.
- Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, pneumonitis, and hemorrhage.
- CNS signs and ocular diseases such as corneal edema or anterior uveitis might be present.
- Persistent chronic hepatitis can develop.
- Diagnosis is based on clinical signs in unvaccinated dogs.
- Confirmed by serology, virus isolation, or histopathology (intranuclear viral inclusions).
- Treatment is supportive.
- CAV-2 vaccination is highly effective.
- CAV-1 vaccines are not recommended due to potential side effects such as anterior uveitis, mild nephritis, and urine shedding of viruses.
Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis
- Transmissible and distinct from CAV-1 and CAV-2.
- Clinical signs include acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Liver tests (alanine aminotransferase and alanine phosphatase) are most consistent with liver disease.
- Final diagnosis often depends on a liver biopsy.
- Treatment is supportive for liver failure.
Canine Herpesvirus (CHV)
- Dogs remain carriers for life once infected.
- Transmission can occur during birth (contact with vaginal secretions), or via oronasal contact with secretions from an infected mother.
- Fetal infection can lead to fetal resorption, late-gestation abortion, or stillbirth.
Viral Infections in Animals: Pox Viruses
- Cowpox Virus can be transmitted to humans.
- Skin lesions, which usually regress, are the primary symptom.
Other Viruses
- West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes to birds, humans, horses, dogs, and cats.
- Meningoencephalitis in birds, humans, and horses is a potential symptom.
- Symptoms in dogs and cats are usually minimal.
- Bornavirus is presumed to be transmitted through a vector.
- Fatal neurological disease in dogs and cats, mostly in Europe and Japan.
- Human infection is possible.
- Other Vector-Borne Viruses in dogs and cats include equine togaviruses (equine encephalitis), flaviviruses, bunyaviruses (Rift Valley fever), and orbiviruses (African horse sickness).
- Avian Influenza H5N1 can cause fatal pneumonia in cats.
- Hantavirus is endemic in rodents, and found in cats in North America, Europe, and Asia.
- Subclinical infection in cats, but life-threatening in humans causing hemorrhagic fever, renal or pulmonary syndromes.
- Feline Foamy Virus (Spumavirus) is common but causes no noticeable clinical signs.
- Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy is caused by the same prion as bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
- Ingestion of infected meat can lead to transmission.
- Neurologic signs appear after a long incubation period and slowly progress to death. There is no treatment.
Rickettsial Diseases
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsiae.
- Most prevalent in the Southeastern, Midwestern, and Southern Atlantic & South Central states of the United States.
Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)
- Caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
- Primarily transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes spp.).
- Ticks must attach to the skin for at least 48 hours to transmit the bacteria.
- Borrelia spreads through connective tissue.
- Deer are typically not infected; Mice and other rodents serve as the reservoir hosts.
- Migratory birds can transport deer ticks long distances.
- Vaccinate dogs at high risk (e.g., dogs in tick-infested areas).
- Avoid tick bites using topical applications (e.g., amitraz).
- Most cases occur in the North Wisconsin and Minnesota.
- Dogs that are seropositive for the disease do not usually require treatment.
- Some dogs may exhibit lameness.
Borrelia Infection in Animals
- 80% of ticks may carry Borrelia.
- Clinical signs are present in only 5% of infected dogs.
- Subclinical infection is common.
- Clinical signs typically develop 2 to 5 months after exposure.
- Polyarthritis causing shifting-leg lameness is the most frequent clinical sign.
- Swelling and joint pain are common and may progress to chronic arthritis.
- Synovial fluid analysis reveals suppurative inflammation.
- Borreliosis is less well documented in cats.
- Many cats are seropositive.
Complications of Borrelia Infections in Dogs
- Protein-losing glomerulopathy and renal failure are common complications, particularly in Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers.
- Glomerulonephritis (kidney with hemorrhagic spots).
Diagnosis of Borrelia Infection
- Serologic tests are used to detect Borrelia antibodies.
- ELISA and IFA antibody titers do not differentiate between natural infection and vaccination.
- Titers increase 4-6 weeks after exposure.
- Positive titers can persist for years.
- IgM titers are not useful for diagnosis.
Systemic Bacterial Infectious Diseases: Leptospirosis
- Leptospira are spirochetes that colonize the proximal renal tubules.
- L.icterohaemorrhagiae, L.canicola, L.pomona, L.bratislava, L.grippotyphosa, and L.autumnalis are common serovars in the US.
- Wild animals (rodents, raccoons, skunks, squirrels) are sources of infection.
- Infection occurs via skin penetration with contaminated water, food, bedding, or soil.
- Prevalence of leptospirosis is increasing, especially in periurban areas.
- Most common during late summer and early fall or after periods of heavy rain.
- Bacteremia occurs 4 to 12 days after infection.
- Kidneys and liver are common target organs.
Clinical Signs of Leptospirosis
- Acute clinical signs.
- Most often due to acute renal failure and/or acute hepatic failure, sometimes with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
Diagnosis of Leptospirosis
- Azotemia (increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine).
- Increased serum liver enzymes.
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
- Kidney ultrasound often shows increased echogenicity in 75% of cases, possibly with demarcation of the corticomedullary border (medullary rim sign).
- Microscopic agglutination test can indicate current or past infection, or leptospiral vaccination.
- A high single titer (e.g., 1:800) or a four-fold increase in paired serum samples suggests current infection.
- Combined immunoglobulin tests can distinguish natural infection from prior vaccination, but cannot distinguish between serovars.
- Leptospira organisms can be identified by dark-field microscopy of fresh urine.
- Culture is difficult and rarely used for diagnosis.
Treatment of Leptospirosis
- Treatment can be effective in 75% to 90% of cases with chronic renal failure as a possible outcome.
- Supportive care in the initial phase is provided for acute renal failure, with either penicillin or amoxicillin.
- Doxycycline is used after amoxicillin therapy to eliminate the renal carrier state.
Prevention of Leptospirosis
- Vaccines can reduce the incidence of Leptospirosis.
- Multivalent vaccine containing L.pomona, L.grippotyphosa, L.canicola, and L.icterohaemorrhagiae provides broad protection.
- Anaphylactic reactions can occur, especially in small breeds under 9 weeks of age.
Feline Bartonellosis (Cat Scratch Disease)
- Cats are the main reservoir for Bartonella henselae, but may also be a reservoir for B.clarridgeiae, B.koehlerae, and B.bovis.
- Transmission occurs through fleas but can also occur through blood transfusions.
- Prevalence is high in flea-infested areas.
- Cats younger than 1 year are most commonly infected.
- Clinical signs are rare in cats.
- Most cats with bacteremia are clinically healthy.
Feline Bartonellosis: Clinical Signs
- Occasionally, fever, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, gingivitis, and endocarditis may occur.
Diagnosis of Feline Bartonellosis
- Diagnostic testing should only be performed on cats exhibiting clinical signs.
Treatment of Feline Bartonellosis
- Doxycycline or Azithromycin are often used for treatment, but can result in most owners becoming carriers, leading to weak owners who are at risk.
Mycobacteriosis
- Mycobacterium species that causes granulomas.
- M.tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation.
- M.avium is transmitted via milk, water, or waterborne sources.
- Genetic factors contribute to susceptibility.
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Description
This quiz will test your knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of viral diseases in dogs. Key topics include the use of immunofluorescent assays, PCR testing, and common clinical signs associated with these diseases. Understand the complexities of diagnosis when considering vaccination status and immune responses.
