Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is a major neurological symptom associated with Canine Distemper Virus?
Which viral neurological disease primarily affects swine but can impact other species neurologically?
What complication can arise from a persistent infection with Canine Distemper Virus?
Which of the following diseases is vector-borne and has significant neurological effects in both humans and animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a typical presentation for young, unvaccinated dogs infected with Canine Distemper?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viral neurological disease is characterized by chronic neurological issues in sheep?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the notable complications observed in some dogs that recover from Canine Distemper Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What major neurological effect is associated with Rabies if left untreated?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the transmission method for West Nile Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus is known for having a linear dsDNA structure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about Canine Distemper Virus is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant effect of an outbreak of Canine Distemper in unvaccinated populations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses has the highest reported mortality rate in horses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of West Nile Virus (WNV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for equine encephalitides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with West Nile Virus infection in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of WNV?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of virus causes pseudorabies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which equine encephalitis virus has the highest mortality rate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase of rabies is characterized by confusion and loss of inhibition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic transmissible agent of West Nile Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
How does WNV typically enter the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus family does the rabies virus belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of treatment is administered post-exposure to rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a control measure for West Nile Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical sign is often observed in equine encephalitides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which animal acts as a common reservoir for rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
What unique replication feature is associated with WNV?
Signup and view all the answers
What neurological symptom is associated with the furious phase of rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immune response is typically inadequate for protecting against pseudorabies?
Signup and view all the answers
What control measure can significantly reduce rabies cases in the community?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following hosts is primarily involved in the transmission cycle of WNV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical mortality rate of untreated rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
What neurological symptom is prominent in horses infected with WNV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genome size of the rabies virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which infectious disease is caused by a lentivirus and affects sheep?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended wound care procedure immediately after a rabies exposure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can be a symptom of Maedi-Visna?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of the rabies virus makes it easier to control its transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What other disease is characterized by neurological symptoms and involves viral infection in livestock?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method of transmission for Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus is known for causing a high mortality rate in horses and is part of the Togaviridae family?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of virus is the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant consequence of the spillover of Canine Distemper Virus to wildlife populations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes and can cause severe neurological symptoms in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immune response is critical for determining the clinical outcome of Canine Distemper Virus infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common clinical sign of Borna Virus Disease in affected animals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding the severity of Canine Distemper cases in unvaccinated dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
What can result from a persistent infection with Canine Distemper Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following animals is primarily affected by Pseudorabies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viral disease is known for its ability to lead to fatal neurological symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Canine Distemper Virus primarily replicate within the host?
Signup and view all the answers
What viral agent is responsible for chronic neurological issues in sheep?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method through which rabies is transmitted?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase of rabies is characterized by muscle weakness and paralysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genome size of the rabies virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which animal is NOT typically recognized as a reservoir for rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of the rabies vaccination after exposure?
Signup and view all the answers
What major advancement in public health did Louis Pasteur contribute to rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the structure of the rabies virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical feature is commonly associated with the furious phase of rabies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which preventive measure is essential in reducing the risks of rabies transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What post-exposure treatment is initially recommended after a rabies exposure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viral diseases primarily affects sheep and goats?
Signup and view all the answers
Which respiratory disease characterized by long incubation periods affects sheep?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement regarding the rabies diagnosis is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which clinical manifestation is least associated with West Nile Virus (WNV) infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors contributes to the high mortality rates observed in Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the West Nile Virus primarily propagate in nature?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key mechanism by which the West Nile Virus enters the central nervous system (CNS)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common control measure for managing West Nile Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of virus is responsible for pseudorabies, and what is its characteristic genetic material?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical sign is most indicative of severe neurological involvement in equine encephalitides?
Signup and view all the answers
What unique feature distinguishes the replication cycle of West Nile Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses demonstrates a consistent pattern of neuroinvasiveness linked to mutations in viral proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of equine encephalitides, what does high viral load correlate with?
Signup and view all the answers
What key control measure can help reduce the incidence of West Nile Virus in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary concern for the transmission of Equine Encephalitides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding the immune response to West Nile Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) from Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction
- Viral neurological diseases affect both domestic and wild animals, with significant implications for veterinary practices.
- Understanding these diseases requires recognizing their diverse manifestations and presentations.
- These diseases can manifest with neurological symptoms, but also with other clinical signs.
Canine Distemper
- Canine distemper is a contagious viral disease that primarily affects dogs and various carnivores, but not cats or humans.
- It was described in the early 1800s, with the virus being identified in 1906.
- Young, unvaccinated dogs are particularly susceptible, with up to 50% of cases being subclinical or mild.
- Symptoms include fever, oculonasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and neurological signs like seizures.
- Severe cases can lead to pneumonia and neurological complications.
- The virus replicates in tonsils and lymph nodes, leading to systemic viremia and affecting various cells, including neurons.
- Persistent infection can occur in dogs recovering from the acute disease, leading to conditions like Hardpad Disease and Old Dog Encephalitis.
Borna Disease
- Recognized in the late 19th century, with the virus identified in 1925.
- It emerged as a significant cause of neurological issues in cats in the 1970s.
- Symptoms can vary, but include behavioral changes, abnormal posture, and rigidity.
- The virus infects neurons and glial cells, leading to chronic inflammation and neurological problems.
- There are no vaccines available for Borna disease.
- Transmission occurs through direct contact or inhalation of aerosolized secretions, and the virus can enter the CNS through the olfactory epithelium.
West Nile Virus
- Identified in the 1920s in Africa and the Middle East, and became significant in North America after its introduction in 1999.
- The virus is maintained in a cycle involving mosquitoes and birds, with humans and mammals as incidental hosts.
- Can cause mild febrile disease but can lead to severe neurological disease, particularly in vulnerable populations.
- Symptoms include fever, headache, and neurological manifestations such as encephalitis or meningitis.
- The virus enters the CNS via the bloodstream, leading to inflammation and neuronal damage.
West Nile Virus (WNV) - Equine Perspective
- WNV primarily infects horses, humans, and birds, leading to clinical signs such as anorexia, depression, ataxia, head-pressing, circling, seizures, and coma.
- Approximately 10% of infected horses exhibit clinical signs, with a high fatality rate of 30-40%.
- The virus replicates in the dermis and traffics to lymph nodes, leading to systemic infection.
- The virus shows a tropism for the grey matter of the spinal cord, leading to significant neurological damage.
Equine Encephalitides
- This group includes Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE) encephalitis, all caused by alphaviruses.
- Clinical signs include depression, abnormally wide stance, head-pressing, and teeth grinding, indicating severe neurological involvement.
- The viruses replicate locally, leading to viremia and neurological disease severity correlating with high viral loads.
- Each virus has multiple lineages, contributing to their epidemiological diversity and potential for outbreaks.
- EEE has a mortality rate of approximately 90%, while VEE and WEE have mortality rates of 50-80% and 20-40%, respectively.
Pseudorabies
- Discovered in 1902 by Hungarian veterinarian Adadar Aujesky, pseudorabies is primarily a respiratory and neurological disease of swine.
- Clinical signs include fever, CNS signs, respiratory distress, vomiting, diarrhea, and high mortality rates, especially in neonates.
- The virus replicates in the oronasal epithelium and tonsils, spreading via cranial nerves.
- Transmission occurs through saliva, nasal secretions, and milk, with aerosol transmission also reported.
- Control strategies include maintaining closed herds, biosecurity measures, and vaccination, which induces protective maternal antibodies.
Rabies
- Recognized for thousands of years as a fatal neurologic disease, primarily transmitted through dog bites.
- Louis Pasteur developed the first effective rabies vaccine in the 1880s, significantly reducing mortality rates.
- Rabies is uniformly fatal in mammalian hosts, including humans, with carnivores, dogs, raccoons, skunks, and bats serving as reservoirs.
- The disease is characterized by severe neurological symptoms, including hydrophobia and paralysis.
- Transmission occurs primarily through bites from infected animals, traveling along peripheral nerves to the CNS.
- Preventive measures include vaccination of pets and wildlife control to reduce exposure risks.
Rabies - Overview
- Rabies presents in three syndromes: prodromal, furious, and dumb.
- The rabies virus is a bullet-shaped, enveloped, -ssRNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, with a genome size of approximately 15 kb.
- It replicates in the cytoplasm and spreads through retrograde axonal transport, primarily affecting the CNS.
- The virus causes neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, leading to severe neurological symptoms.
- Transmission occurs through bites from rabid animals, with wildlife serving as reservoirs.
- Control measures include vaccinating veterinary species, humans at occupational risk, and wildlife, along with euthanizing and testing suspected rabid animals.
Rabies - Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis of rabies is primarily through immunofluorescence antibody detection of brain tissue post-mortem.
- Immediate wound treatment involves washing the wound with soap and water to reduce infection risk.
- Rabies immune globulin is administered at the wound site, followed by a vaccination series (5 doses over 28 days).
- Treatment is highly effective if administered within 10 days of exposure, with a 100% success rate in the US.
Maedi-Visna & Caprine Arthritis & Encephalitis
-
Maedi-Visna is a disease affecting sheep and goats, caused by a lentivirus.
-
Clinical features include dyspnea, weight loss, and neurological symptoms, with an incubation period of up to 8 years.
-
The disease is characterized by chronic pneumonia and demyelination in the CNS.
-
Transmission occurs through aerosol, blood, milk, and other bodily fluids, with lambs infected via colostrum.
-
Control measures include testing and removal of infected animals, depopulation, and strict hygiene protocols.
-
CAE is another lentivirus-related disease affecting goats, with high infection rates in US herds.
-
It presents in two syndromes: encephalomyelitis in young kids and arthritis in older goats, along with potential mastitis.
-
CAE is transmitted horizontally through body fluids.
-
Control strategies include testing, culling, and separating kids immediately after birth to prevent transmission
Viral Neurological Diseases Overview
- Viral neurological diseases impact both domestic and wildlife animals, influencing veterinary practices globally.
- Understanding these diseases requires recognizing their diverse manifestations and clinical presentations.
- These diseases can present with neurological symptoms, but may also exhibit other clinical signs.
- Examples of viral neurological diseases include Canine Distemper, Pseudorabies, Rabies, Maedi-Visna, Borna Virus Disease, and West Nile Virus.
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
- Canine Distemper has been known for centuries, with the virus identified in 1906.
- It primarily affects domestic dogs and other carnivores, excluding cats and humans.
- Young, unvaccinated dogs are most susceptible, with 50% of cases being subclinical or mild.
- Classical clinical signs include fever, oculonasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and potential neurological symptoms like seizures.
- Severe cases can lead to acute interstitial pneumonia and neurological manifestations.
- CDV replicates in tonsils and lymph nodes, leading to systemic viremia and targeting epithelial cells, lymphocytes, and neurons.
- Adequate immune response leads to mild signs and recovery, while inadequate immunity can result in severe neurological disease or death.
- Persistent CDV infection can occur in dogs recovering from acute disease with low antibody responses, leading to conditions like Hardpad Disease and Old Dog Encephalitis.
- Segmental enamel hypoplasia and hyperkeratosis are notable complications observed in some recovered dogs.
Borna Disease
- Recognized in the late 19th century, the virus was identified in 1925.
- It emerged as a significant cause of neurological disease in cats during the 1970s.
- The disease presents with various symptoms, including behavioral changes, abnormal posture, and rigidity.
- The virus infects neurons and glial cells, promoting persistent infection without lytic replication.
- Immune responses may not be protective, leading to chronic inflammation and neurological symptoms.
- Transmission occurs through direct contact or inhalation of aerosolized secretions.
- No vaccines are available; control measures focus on quarantine and disinfection.
West Nile Virus (WNV)
- Identified in the 1920s in Africa and the Middle East, it became a significant neurological disease in North America after its introduction in 1999.
- WNV is maintained in a cycle involving mosquitoes and birds, with humans and mammals as incidental hosts.
- WNV can cause mild febrile illness but can lead to severe neurological disease, particularly in vulnerable populations.
- Symptoms may include fever, headache, and neurological manifestations such as encephalitis or meningitis.
- The virus enters the CNS through the bloodstream, leading to inflammation and neuronal damage.
- Control of WNV involves mosquito management and public health measures to reduce exposure.
- Vaccines are available for horses but not for humans, highlighting the importance of vector control.
Equine Encephalitides
- Equine encephalitides include Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE) encephalitis, all caused by alphaviruses.
- Clinical signs include depression, abnormally wide stance, head pressing, and teeth grinding, indicating severe neurological involvement.
- The viruses replicate locally in dendritic cells, subsequently trafficking to lymph nodes and causing viremia.
- Neurological disease severity correlates with high viral loads.
- EEE, WEE, and VEE viruses belong to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus, characterized as enveloped +ssRNA viruses with cytoplasmic replication.
- EEE has a mortality rate of approximately 90%, while VEE and WEE have mortality rates of 50-80% and 20-40%, respectively.
- Transmission occurs from birds to mosquitoes, with horses and humans as incidental hosts.
- Control measures include vaccination and mosquito control.
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease)
- Discovered in 1902, pseudorabies is primarily a respiratory and neurological disease of swine.
- Clinical signs include fever, CNS signs, respiratory distress, vomiting, diarrhea, and high mortality rates, especially in neonates.
- The virus, Suid Herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1), replicates in the oronasal epithelium and tonsils, spreading to lymph nodes and the CNS via cranial nerves.
- Transmission occurs through saliva, nasal secretions, and milk, with aerosol transmission also reported.
- Pseudorabies is caused by a linear dsDNA virus, belonging to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily Alphaherpesvirus.
- The virus remains latent in trigeminal and paravertebral ganglia, reactivating under stress conditions.
- Control strategies include maintaining closed herds, biosecurity measures, and vaccination.
Rabies
- Rabies has been recognized for thousands of years as a fatal neurologic disease, primarily transmitted through dog bites.
- Louis Pasteur developed the first effective rabies vaccine in the 1880s.
- Rabies is uniformly fatal in mammalian hosts, including humans, with carnivores, dogs, raccoons, skunks, and bats serving as reservoirs.
- The disease is characterized by severe neurological symptoms, including hydrophobia and paralysis.
- Transmission occurs primarily through bites from infected animals, with the virus traveling along peripheral nerves to the CNS.
- Preventive measures include vaccination of pets and wildlife control to reduce exposure risks.
Maedi-Visna
- Maedi-Visna is a disease affecting sheep and goats, caused by a lentivirus from the Retroviridae family.
- Clinical features include dyspnea, weight loss, and neurological symptoms, with an incubation period of up to 8 years.
- The disease is characterized by chronic pneumonia and demyelination in the CNS, leading to severe health issues.
- Transmission occurs through aerosol, blood, milk, and other bodily fluids, with lambs infected via colostrum.
- Control measures include testing and removal of infected animals, depopulation, and strict hygiene protocols.
Caprine Arthritis & Encephalitis (CAE)
- CAE is another lentivirus-related disease affecting goats, with high infection rates in US herds.
- It presents in two syndromes: encephalomyelitis in young kids and arthritis in older goats, along with potential mastitis.
- Transmission occurs through body fluids.
- Control strategies include testing, culling, and separating kids immediately after birth to prevent transmission.
Key People
- Louis Pasteur: Developed the rabies vaccine in the 1880s, significantly reducing rabies fatalities.
- Edward Jenner: Described canine distemper in the early 1800s, contributing to the understanding of the disease.
Fundamental Theories
- Viral Pathogenesis: Understanding how viruses infect hosts, replicate, and cause disease, including mechanisms like immune evasion and persistent infection.
- Zoonotic Transmission: The concept that diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans, highlighting the importance of controlling animal diseases to protect public health.
Key Transmission and Control Measures
- Vaccination: Essential for preventing diseases like rabies and canine distemper in domestic animals.
- Quarantine and Disinfection: Important for controlling outbreaks of diseases like Borna disease and Pseudorabies.
- Vector Control: Necessary for managing diseases like West Nile Virus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Facts to Memorize
- Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a (-)ssRNA virus, 13.6 kb in size.
- Borna Disease Virus is a -ssRNA virus, ~9 kb in size.
- West Nile Virus (WNV) is a +ssRNA virus, 11 kb in size.
- Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) virus is a +ssRNA virus, part of the Togaviridae family.
- Pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky's disease) is a linear dsDNA virus, part of the Herpesviridae family.
Concept Comparisons
| Disease | Virus Type | Main Hosts | Transmission Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canine Distemper | (-)ssRNA | Dogs, raccoons, mustelids | Direct contact, aerosol |
| Borna Disease | -ssRNA | Horses, sheep, cats | Direct contact, aerosol |
| West Nile Virus | +ssRNA | Birds, horses, humans | Mosquito-borne |
| Eastern Equine Encephalitis | +ssRNA | Horses, humans | Mosquito-borne |
| Pseudorabies | dsDNA | Swine, cattle, dogs | Aerosol, direct contact |
Cause and Effect
| Event/Condition | Effect/Outcome |
|---|---|
| Canine Distemper outbreak in stray dogs | High mortality in unvaccinated populations, neurological symptoms in affected dogs. |
| Introduction of WNV to the US in 1999 | Emergence of WNV as a significant neurological disease in humans and horses. |
| Spillover of CDV from domestic dogs to wildlife | Significant decline in wildlife populations, such as the Serengeti lions in 1994. |
| Pseudorabies in swine | High mortality rates in neonates and severe neurological disease in secondary hosts. |
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers viral neurological diseases affecting animals, with a focus on canine distemper. You'll learn about the disease's history, symptoms, and impacts on veterinary practices. It's essential for understanding how these viruses can affect both domestic and wild animals.
