Cancers of the Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is a major risk factor associated with the development of cervical cancer?

  • Living in a high-altitude environment
  • Excessive physical activity
  • Having multiple sexual partners (correct)
  • Consuming a high-sugar diet

How does long-term use of oral contraceptives affect cervical cancer risk?

  • It increases the risk with longer usage (correct)
  • It decreases the risk significantly
  • It only affects those under 30 years old
  • It has no impact on risk

At what age is the peak incidence of non-invasive cervical cancer observed?

  • In their early 30s (correct)
  • In individuals over 50 years
  • In their late 20s
  • Around 40 years old

Which statement accurately describes the progression of cervical cancer?

<p>It progresses slowly over a span of years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between smoking and cervical cancer risk?

<p>Smoking increases the likelihood of cervical cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for Pap tests for individuals based on previous test results?

<p>Every 1 to 3 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure involves the excision of a large area of tissue around the cervix for examination?

<p>Cone Biopsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention should a nurse instruct a client to follow after a cervical biopsy?

<p>Avoid sexual intercourse until vaginal discharge stops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is recommended to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer caused by HPV?

<p>Gardasil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should be considered for cervical cancer screening among transgender individuals?

<p>Individuals who have a cervix, regardless of surgical history (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected outcome following a cervical biopsy?

<p>Vaginal discharge and slight bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group primarily recommended for HPV vaccination?

<p>Females aged 9 to 13 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of biopsy uses illumination and forceps for sampling the cervix?

<p>Colposcopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is Gardasil recommended for males?

<p>9 to 26 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Stage I cervical cancer?

<p>Radical hysterectomy or radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically not used for Stage III cervical cancer?

<p>Cryosurgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for students unable to complete the HPV vaccine series in Grade 7?

<p>They can catch-up through their local public health unit until Grade 12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Stage IV cervical cancer?

<p>Spread to other parts of the body such as the liver and lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum age up to which Ontario students can receive the HPV vaccine free of charge?

<p>End of Grade 12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment method for Stage II cervical cancer?

<p>Cisplatin-based chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is typically performed for Stage 0 cervical cancer?

<p>Cervical conization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a treatment option for cervical cancer?

<p>Immunotherapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment option for Stage III cervical cancer involving the pelvic wall?

<p>Surgery (laparotomy) and radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test is specifically recommended for early detection of cervical cancer?

<p>HPV DNA test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the prevention strategy for cervical cancer?

<p>Regular Pap smear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range is cervical cancer screening recommended in Canada?

<p>21 to 69 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of early cervical cancer?

<p>Heavy menstrual periods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the HPV vaccine Gardasil is correct?

<p>It specifically targets HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is typically performed for advanced cervical cancer diagnosis?

<p>Cervical biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk factor is linked to an increased likelihood of cervical cancer due to biological differences?

<p>Giving birth at a young age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What late symptom is associated with advanced cervical cancer?

<p>Watery discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is important when conducting a Pap smear?

<p>Positioning the patient in the lithotomy position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential contentious link regarding cervical cancer risk?

<p>Obesity and cervical cancer incidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which manifestation is commonly associated with early cervical cancer?

<p>Heavy menstrual periods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the HPV DNA test conducted during a Pap smear?

<p>To identify human papillomavirus DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor has been debated as a possible risk factor for cervical cancer?

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended preventive measure against cervical cancer?

<p>Regular Pap smear screenings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically associated with advanced cervical cancer?

<p>Foul-smelling discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason individuals who have had a total hysterectomy do not need cervical cancer screening?

<p>They no longer have cervical cells to examine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the expected vaginal changes a client might experience after a cervical biopsy?

<p>Bleeding and vaginal discharge are common and expected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for clients following a cervical biopsy regarding sexual activity?

<p>Avoid sexual intercourse until vaginal discharge stops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of administering the HPV vaccine to females aged 9 to 13?

<p>It significantly reduces the risk of cervical cancer caused by HPV. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intervention should clients be instructed to follow regarding tampon use after a cervical biopsy?

<p>Tampon use should be avoided for 3 to 4 weeks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstance should female-to-male transgender individuals be considered for cervical cancer screening?

<p>If they have a cervix, regardless of surgical history. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary procedure used to obtain a small tissue sample from the cervix for examination?

<p>Cervical biopsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range is recommended for males to receive the Gardasil vaccine?

<p>9 to 26 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used for Stage I cervical cancer?

<p>Cervical conization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does cervical cancer begin to spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina?

<p>Stage II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is not typically used for Stage III cervical cancer?

<p>Cryosurgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemotherapeutic agent is mentioned as being used to treat a number of cancers, including cervical cancer?

<p>Cisplatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is indicated for Stage 0 cervical cancer?

<p>Hysterectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgery is typically performed for advanced cervical cancer that has metastasized?

<p>Debulking surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is eligible for catch-up doses of the HPV vaccine through local public health units in Ontario?

<p>Grades 7 to 12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of postoperative care after a hysterectomy?

<p>To monitor for signs of bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a subtotal hysterectomy different from a total hysterectomy?

<p>It retains the cervix while removing the upper part of the uterus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is generally NOT used during a radical hysterectomy?

<p>Transcervical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding urinary retention post-hysterectomy?

<p>It generally occurs due to nerve trauma or edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy-oophorectomy' refer to?

<p>Removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a goal for a client with cancer of the female reproductive system?

<p>Avoid all physical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of hysterectomy is the cervix typically not removed?

<p>Subtotal hysterectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would indicate a client is experiencing complications in the first hours after a hysterectomy?

<p>Heavy bleeding from the dressing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a cancer detection strategy a client should continue to practice after a hysterectomy?

<p>Performing self-breast examinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are early symptoms of cervical cancer that may appear?

<p>Heavy menstrual periods and bleeding after intercourse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do risk factors like young age at childbirth influence cervical cancer risk?

<p>They are associated with riskier sexual behavior and potentially higher exposure to HPV. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is primarily used for early detection of cervical cancer?

<p>HPV DNA test during a Pap smear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of obesity is debated regarding its link to cervical cancer?

<p>Obesity is linked to difficulties in cervical visualization during screening. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key preventive measure against cervical cancer?

<p>HPV vaccination and safe sex practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one eligibility criterion for receiving the HPV vaccine free of charge in Ontario students?

<p>Must have missed doses during Grade 7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is generally indicated for Stage II cervical cancer?

<p>Cisplatin-based chemotherapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for males who are 9 years or older and engage in sexual activity with other males regarding HPV vaccination?

<p>They are recommended to receive the vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage IV cervical cancer indicate regarding disease progression?

<p>Spread to other parts of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pap test frequency

Screening for cervical cancer every 1-3 years, depending on provincial guidelines and past results.

Cervical Biopsy

Small tissue samples from the cervix are examined.

Cone Biopsy

Large tissue area around the cervix is removed.

Colposcopy

Cervix illuminated via a device, sample taken.

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HPV Vaccine

Reduces cervical cancer risk from HPV infection.

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HPV Vaccine Target

Females 9-13 primarily.

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Hysterectomy impact on screening

Total hysterectomy patients not routinely screened unless surgery was for precancer or cancer.

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Post-biopsy instructions

Avoid tampons, intercourse until discharge stops, report heavy bleeding or foul discharge.

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Cervical cancer progression

Cervical cancer develops slowly over years, progressing from normal cells to abnormal (dysplasia) and then to cancer. Repeated cervical injuries are linked to this progression.

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Cervical cancer peak incidence age

The highest number of non-invasive cervical cancers occur in the early 30s, with invasive cases appearing at an average age of 50.

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HPV and cervical cancer link

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is strongly linked to cervical dysplasia and cancer, where HPV infection often precedes these abnormal cell changes.

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Smoking and cervical cancer risk

Smoking doubles the risk of cervical cancer. Tobacco by-products damage cervix DNA, increasing the risk.

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Weakened immune system and cervical cancer risk

A weakened immune system increases the risk of developing cervical cancer due to the increased susceptibility to infections, including HPV.

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Gardasil HPV Vaccine Recommendation for Males

Gardasil is recommended for males aged 9-26 and males aged 9 or older who have sex with males.

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Ontario HPV Vaccine for Students

Ontario students can receive the HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) free of charge in Grade 7.

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HPV Vaccine Catch-up for Students

Students unable to complete the HPV vaccine series in Grade 7 can receive missed doses through their local public health unit for free until the end of Grade 12.

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Cervical Cancer Stage 0 Treatment

Treatment for Stage 0 cervical cancer includes cervical conization, hysterectomy, cryosurgery, and laser surgery.

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Cervical Cancer Stage I Treatment

Treatment for Stage I cervical cancer includes radiation therapy and radical hysterectomy.

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Cervical Cancer Stage II Treatment

Treatment for Stage II cervical cancer includes radiation therapy, cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and radical hysterectomy.

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Cervical Cancer Stage III Treatment

Treatment for Stage III cervical cancer includes surgery (laparotomy), radiation therapy, and cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

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Cervical Cancer Stage IV Treatment

Treatment for Stage IV cervical cancer often includes radiation therapy, surgery (debulking or pelvic exenteration), and additional therapies.

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Cisplatin

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various cancers, including cervical cancer.

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Treatment Guide for Cervical Cancer

The treatment of cervical cancer depends on the specific stage of the tumor and the overall health of the patient.

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Young Age and Cervical Cancer Risk

Giving birth at a young age is linked to higher risk of cervical cancer due to risky sexual behaviors and immature cervical susceptibility.

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Genital Herpes and Cervical Cancer Risk

Genital herpes, a STD, may increase cervical cancer risk due to potential transmission

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Obesity and Cervical Cancer

The link between obesity and cervical cancer is debated, but decreased screening efficacy due to obesity is a plausible factor.

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Early Cervical Cancer Symptoms

Often asymptomatic, or may involve vaginal discharge (between periods), bleeding after sex, or heavy/prolonged periods.

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Advanced Cervical Cancer Symptoms

Advanced cancer may cause increased, watery, and foul-smelling discharge, pain, weight loss, anemia, and cachexia.

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Pap Smear

A screening test for cervical cancer using cells from the cervix to detect abnormal cells or HPV.

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HPV DNA Test

A test conducted along with a Pap Smear to check for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, which can indicate cervical cancer risk.

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Cervical Cancer Screening Age Range

Cervical cancer screening is recommended for sexually active individuals aged 21 to 69 in Canada.

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Cervical Screening (Trans Women)

Trans women should consult resources regarding specific screening procedures for cervical cancer risk.

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What ages are Pap smear screenings recommended in Canada?

Cervical cancer screening is recommended in Canada for sexually active people between the ages of 21 and 69.

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What is the link between HPV and cervical cancer?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is strongly linked to cervical dysplasia and cancer, where HPV infection often precedes these abnormal cell changes.

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What are some early symptoms of cervical cancer?

Early Cervical Cancer rarely produces symptoms, if symptoms are present: Vaginal discharge (i.e., bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual cycles), Bleeding after sexual intercourse, Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavy, Bleeding after menopause, Pelvic pain.

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What happens during a Pap Smear?

Cervix is viewed through a speculum with the client in the lithotomy position. Cells are collected for examination.

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How does giving birth at a young age impact cervical cancer risk?

Giving birth at a young age is linked to higher risk of cervical cancer due to risky sexual behaviors and immature cervical susceptibility.

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Cervical Cancer Screening

Regular checkups to detect cervical cancer early. Women typically get a Pap test every 1-3 years depending on guidelines and past results.

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Why do people with abnormal Pap tests get screened more often?

People with abnormal Pap test results have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer, so they are screened more frequently to monitor for changes.

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Post-Biopsy Care

After a cervical biopsy, it's important to avoid tampons and sexual intercourse for a few weeks, and report any heavy bleeding or foul discharge to the doctor.

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Who should be screened for cervical cancer?

All females with a cervix should be screened for cervical cancer, including those who have undergone subtotal hysterectomy or hormonal gender confirmation.

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Gardasil for Males

The Gardasil HPV vaccine is recommended for males aged 9-26 and males aged 9 or older who have sex with males.

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Ontario HPV Vaccine Program

Ontario students can receive the HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) free of charge in Grade 7.

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HPV Vaccine Catch-up

Students who miss the HPV vaccine series in Grade 7 can catch up on missed doses through their local public health unit, free of charge, until the end of Grade 12.

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Cervical Cancer Treatment - Stage 0

Treatment for Stage 0 cervical cancer (in situ) includes procedures like cervical conization, hysterectomy, cryosurgery, and laser surgery.

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Cervical Cancer Treatment - Stage I

Treatment for Stage I cervical cancer, where the cancer is confined to the cervix, includes radiation therapy and radical hysterectomy.

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Cervical Cancer Treatment - Stage II

Treatment for Stage II cervical cancer, which has spread beyond the cervix, includes radiation therapy, cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and radical hysterectomy.

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Cervical Cancer Treatment - Stage III

Treatment for Stage III cervical cancer, which has spread to pelvic tissues, involves surgery (laparotomy), radiation therapy, and cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

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Cervical Cancer Treatment - Stage IV

Treatment for Stage IV cervical cancer, which has spread to distant parts of the body, often includes radiation therapy, surgery (debulking or pelvic exenteration), and additional therapies.

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Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus, often done to address conditions like cancer, heavy bleeding, endometriosis, or uterine prolapse.

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Subtotal Hysterectomy

A procedure where only the upper portion of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.

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Total Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the entire uterus, including the cervix.

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Radical Hysterectomy

A more extensive procedure where the uterus, surrounding tissue, cervix, and upper vagina are removed. Usually done for cancer.

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Hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingectomy-Oophorectomy

This procedure removes the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

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Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

A minimally invasive procedure where small incisions are made, and instruments are inserted to remove the uterus.

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Vaginal Hysterectomy

The uterus is removed through the vagina, avoiding an abdominal incision.

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Abdominal Hysterectomy

A procedure where the uterus is removed through a larger incision in the abdomen.

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Postoperative Care for Hysterectomy

Frequent observation of dressings for bleeding, assessment for urinary retention, and pain management are crucial in the recovery period.

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Cervical Cancer Risk: Young Age

Giving birth at a young age is associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer due to risky sexual behavior and a more susceptible immature cervix.

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Cervical Cancer Risk: Genital Herpes

Genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection, can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer.

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Cervical Cancer Risk: Obesity

While still debated, obesity may increase cervical cancer risk, possibly because it makes it harder to visualize the cervix during screenings.

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Study Notes

Cancers of the Female Reproductive System

  •  This document covers cancers of the cervix, uterus, and ovaries.
  •  Specific terminology used, such as AFAB (assigned female at birth), is noted to reflect inclusive language practices.

Cervical Cancer

  •  Progression from healthy cells to dysplasia then cancer is linked to repeated injuries of the cervix.
  •  Non-invasive cervical cancer usually appears in the early 30s.
  •  A woman's average age when diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer is 50.
  •  Strong connection between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical dysplasia.
  •  Factors like a woman's sexual history (multiple partners, early sexual activity) contribute.

Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

  •  Smoking increases cervical cancer risk by about two times.
  •  A weakened immune system increases vulnerability to infections like HPV.
  •  Multiparity (having more than 3 pregnancies) can be correlated with cervix changes during pregnancy.
  •  Long-term use of oral contraceptives may increase risk, especially in women between 20 and 40.
  •  Early age at first birth related to riskier sexual behaviour, multiple partners, and risk of HPV infection.
  •  Genital herpes is another risk factor, though no definitive relationship is stated.
  •  Obesity may be correlated with reduced cervical screening efficiency.

Cervical Cancer Manifestations

  •  Early-stage cervical cancer may experience: -  Vaginal bleeding between periods is possible. -  Bleeding after sexual intercourse -  Menstrual cycles that last longer. -  Menstrual periods that are heavier. -  Bleeding after menopause -  Pain in the pelvic region
  •  Advanced cervical cancer may experience: -  Increased vaginal discharge (potentially watery or foul-smelling). -  Necrosis and infection from the tumour. -  Weight loss, anemia, and cachexia (a state of physical wasting).

Cervical Cancer Diagnostic Tests

  •  Early cervical cancer screening includes: - Pap smears: A cell scraping from the cervix for abnormalities. - HPV DNA tests: Screening for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  •  Diagnosis during later cancer stages can use: - Pelvic exams, colposcopy (examination using a microscope), and cone biopsy (excision of a cone-shaped tissue sample). - MRI, CT scans, and pelvic ultrasounds may also be used.

Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer

  •  Also known as endometrial cancer
  •  The exact cause of uterine cancer in AFAB is unknown, primarily linked to hormonal imbalances involving estrogen and progesterone.
  •  Abnormal growth of cells in the uterine lining is often a key characteristic
  •  Risk factors include: - Estrogen therapy (HRT) use - Obesity (Adipose tissues store estrogen) - Nulliparity (not having given birth) - Early age of first menstruation and/or late menopause - Family history of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. - Over 50 years old (most diagnosed between 55-64).
  •  Manifestations are predominantly uterine bleeding in postmenopausal people, which should be evaluated.

Uterine Cancer Diagnostic Tests

  •  Medical history and physical exam.
  •  Pelvic or transvaginal ultrasound
  •  Endometrial biopsy
  •  Hysteroscopy and D&C (dilation and curettage)
  •  CT, MRI, PET scans.

Uterine Cancer Treatment Options

  •  Surgery: - Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO), used to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
  •  Radiation: - External beam therapy (EBT) to target high-energy radiation. - Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) implants radiation sources near the tumour.
  •  Hormonal therapy
  •  Chemotherapy (to treat progressed disease)

Ovarian Cancer

  •  Ovarian cancer is a neoplasm of the ovaries.
  •  Often difficult to detect, typically develops deeply within the pelvis.
  •  BRCA gene mutations can increase susceptibility.
  •  Can metastasise to other organs and is a potentially serious concern.
  •  Stage IV lesions tend to have more serious outcomes.
  •  Risk factors: - Family history of breast cancer. - Family history of ovarian cancer. - Age between 55 and 65. - Early onset of menstruation (before 12).
    - Nulliparity or giving birth after a certain age. - Post-menopause after a certain age. - HRT use - HRT - Infertility drugs - Obesity.
  •  Diagnosis strategies frequently include: - Abdominal and transvaginal ultrasounds - CA-125 blood tests - Laparotomy.
  •  Treatment strategies often include: - Surgery (abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO) and debulking surgeries) - Chemotherapy - Radiation therapy.

Nursing Interventions (Various cancers)

  •  Pre-operative and post-operative care instructions for various procedures, such as emptying the bladder, avoiding intercourse for a period after surgery, and managing expected bleeding.

Collaborative Care for Various Cancers

  •  Detailed treatment plans are adjusted based on the tumour stage and patient factors.
  •  Support services for patients, families, and caregivers.

Prevention Strategies

  •  Vaccination programs (such as Gardasil) can help prevent HPV infection and related cancers
  •  Healthy lifestyle choices, like maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active, can potentially lower risk.
  •  Screening processes using tumour markers and imaging can catch the diseases early.

Female Reproductive System Cancers - Nursing Diagnoses

  •  Anxiety related to femininity and body image.
  •  Disturbed body image related to infertility concerns.
  •  Acute pain related to surgical procedures.
  •  Deficient knowledge about the disease state.
  •  Grieving related to poor prognoses.
  •  Dysfunctional family processes related to illness influence.

Female Reproductive System Cancers - Planning/Goals

  •  Active participation in treatment decisions, symptom management, and lifestyle adjustments is desired.
  •  Strategies to help cope with possible implications of the diagnosed state and to help patients and family members adapt, such as appropriate resources and information.

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This quiz explores various cancers affecting the female reproductive system, specifically cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers. It highlights key risk factors, including HPV infection and lifestyle choices such as smoking. Understanding these aspects is crucial for awareness and prevention.

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