Female Genital Tract Cytology 1

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Questions and Answers

Which type of epithelium lines the endocervical mucosa?

  • Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Simple columnar epithelium (correct)
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Stratified cuboidal epithelium

What is the main difference between the endocervical and ectocervical mucosa?

  • The endocervical mucosa contains reserve cells, while the ectocervical mucosa does not.
  • The endocervical mucosa is located at the upper portion of the cervix, while the ectocervical mucosa is located at the lower portion.
  • The ectocervical mucosa is more susceptible to hormonal variations than the endocervical mucosa.
  • The ectocervical mucosa is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, while the endocervical mucosa is made up of simple columnar epithelium. (correct)

What is the significance of the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ)?

  • It is the area where the cervical mucus is produced.
  • It is the site where the cervix connects to the uterus.
  • It is the point where the endocervical mucosa transitions into the ectocervical mucosa. (correct)
  • It is the location where cervical cancer most commonly originates.

What is the function of the reserve cells in the endocervical mucosa?

<p>They are precursor cells that can differentiate into other cell types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is TRUE regarding the cyclical variations of the cervical epithelium?

<p>The cervical epithelium undergoes significant changes during the menstrual cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cervical cancer, according to the provided information?

<p>High levels of physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the presented information, which one is NOT a correct statement about cervical cancer?

<p>It is one of the most common cancers in women in Malaysia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the LEAST indicated screening method for cervical cancer, according to the information provided?

<p>Colonoscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decrease in cervical cancer mortality?

<p>Effective prevention, early diagnosis and treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of cervical cancer mentioned in the provided information? (Select all that apply)

<p>Squamous cell carcinoma (C), Adenocarcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a 28-year-old woman who has never engaged in sexual activity. Based on the information provided, is she recommended to undergo a Pap smear screening?

<p>No, because she has never been sexually active (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is TRUE about the prevalence of cervical cancer based on the provided information?

<p>Cervical cancer is the 5th leading cause of cancer death in Malaysia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route of transmission for HPV, the primary causative agent of cervical cancer?

<p>Sexual (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the growth of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for the surge that triggers ovulation?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Prepares the endometrium for implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium shed?

<p>Menstrual phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are responsible for the characteristic changes in cervical mucus observed throughout the menstrual cycle?

<p>Estrogen and Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the growth and maturation of cervical and vaginal epithelium?

<p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?

<p>Secreting estrogen and progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference in cervical mucus during the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase?

<p>Mucus is thinner and more watery during the follicular phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cervical mucus observed during the ovulatory phase?

<p>Thick and hostile to sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GnRH in the female reproductive system?

<p>Stimulate release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of FSH in the female reproductive system?

<p>Stimulate follicle maturation in the ovary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>LH (B), FSH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

<p>Stimulate growth of female reproductive organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of progesterone in pregnancy?

<p>Relax the myometrium during gestation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between estrogen and progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Estrogen levels are low, while progesterone levels are high. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the cervical mucus become thin and watery, facilitating sperm passage?

<p>Ovulatory Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily involved in the initial stage of cytopathology investigations?

<p>Sample collection methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a focus of the Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) for HDB30303?

<p>Understanding advanced immunohistochemistry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of CLO2 in the context of cytopathology?

<p>To integrate fundamental techniques in laboratory diagnostics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In preparing cytopathology reports, which element is essential according to the specified format?

<p>Standardized terminology and structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following points is emphasized in the PLO for HDB30303?

<p>Techniques involved in cytopathology investigations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does NOT belong to the female genital tract anatomy?

<p>Testis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone primarily influences the cyclical variations observed in the cells lining the vagina?

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the cytological features of normal epithelial cells in the female genital tract?

<p>Uniform cell size and shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is MOST associated with the incidence of cervical cancer?

<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In preparing a cervical cytology sample, which of the following techniques is LEAST appropriate?

<p>Collecting the sample during menses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of hormonal cytology evaluation is NOT typically assessed?

<p>Hormonal levels in blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the female genital tract is primarily responsible for protection against infection?

<p>Mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cytological indices in cervical cytology?

<p>To evaluate cellular changes over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial cells constitute the ectocervical mucosa?

<p>Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase is there an increased proportion of superficial squamous cells due to estrogen influence?

<p>Proliferative phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is mainly observed in cervical samples during the post-partum period?

<p>Parabasal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of intermediate cells?

<p>Low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (NCR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular feature is associated with navicular cells found during pregnancy?

<p>Glycogen appearance as brownish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication in interpreting samples during the menopausal phase?

<p>Raised nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and granular pattern (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic identifies parabasal cells?

<p>Round/oval shape with low NCR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cervical cell is often difficult to interpret due to inflammatory changes during pregnancy?

<p>Navicular cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of superficial cells?

<p>Eosinophilic cytoplasm with pyknotic nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cervical cancer is recognized as what rank among cancers in women globally?

<p>4th (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal influence is primarily characterized by a predominance of intermediate squamous cells?

<p>Luteal phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is typical for endocervical cells?

<p>Honeycomb sheets of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to epithelial cells during menopause that affects sample interpretation?

<p>Atrophy due to estrogen deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytopathology Techniques

Methods used for examining cells to diagnose diseases.

Sample Collection

The process of gathering biological specimens for testing.

Staining Techniques

Methods used to enhance visualization of cells under a microscope.

Screening Techniques

Procedures to identify abnormalities in cellular samples.

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Cytopathology Report

A structured document detailing findings from cytopathology tests.

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Endocervical Mucosa

Inner lining of the cervix composed of simple columnar epithelium.

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Ectocervical Mucosa

Outer layer of the cervix made of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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Squamocolumnar Junction (SCJ)

The area where the endocervical and ectocervical epithelia meet.

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Cyclical Variations of Cervical Epithelium

Changes in cervical epithelium influenced by hormonal cycles.

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Hormonal Interaction in Female Genital System

Organs of the female genital system communicate through hormones.

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Anatomy of female genital tract

The physical structure comprising ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

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Histology of female genital tract

The microscopic structure and composition of tissues in the female reproductive system.

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Physiology of female genital tract

The functions and processes of the female reproductive organs.

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Cytological features of epithelial cells

Characteristics of the cells that line the surfaces of the female genital tract.

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Hormonal influences on cervical samples

The effects of hormones like estrogen and progesterone on cervical cell samples.

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Cervical cancer epidemiology

Study of the distribution and risk factors associated with cervical cancer.

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Cervical cytology sample collection techniques

Methods used to gather samples from the cervix for analysis.

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Hormonal cytology evaluation

Assessment of cervical cells based on hormonal influence.

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Cervical cancer prevalence

3rd most frequent cancer in women in Malaysia, 2021.

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Estimated new cases

570,000 new cervical cancer cases in 2018, 6.6% of female cancers.

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Cervical cancer types

Two main types: Squamous cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma.

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Major risk factor

Infection with HPV types 16 & 18 is the leading risk factor for cervical cancer.

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Other risk factors

3 sexual partners, early sexual intercourse, smoking, high parity.

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Common symptoms

Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite; often asymptomatic initially.

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Screening methods

Cytology (Pap smear), HPV test, visual inspection with acetic acid.

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Pap smear recommendation

Women aged 30-65 who are or have been sexually active should get a Pap smear.

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Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Hormone that stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Hormone that stimulates follicle maturation in the ovary.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormone that triggers ovulation and stimulates the corpus luteum.

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Estrogen

Hormone that stimulates growth of female reproductive organs and the endometrium during the menstrual cycle.

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Progesterone

Hormone that prepares the endometrium for implantation and relaxes the myometrium during gestation.

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Menstrual phase

Phase of the menstrual cycle where the endometrium sheds and menstrual debris appears.

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Follicular phase

Phase where several follicles mature and secrete estrogen under FSH influence, lasting days 1-13.

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Ovulatory phase

Phase marked by LH surge that causes ovulation, occurring around day 14.

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Proliferative phase

Phase where the endometrium regrows under estrogen influence, lasting from days 5-13.

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Secretory phase

Phase where the endometrium secretes fluid rich in nutrients to nourish a fertilized egg.

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Corpus luteum

Structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone after ovulation.

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Cervical mucus changes

Mucus that becomes thin and watery around ovulation to facilitate sperm passage.

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Squamous epithelium

Type of cells in the endometrium that increase during the proliferative phase.

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Endometrial thickness

Measurement of the endometrium that indicates the health of the uterine lining for implantation.

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Menstrual debris

Blood and tissue shed during the menstrual phase, visible in cervical samples.

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Ectocervical Cells

Cells found in the ectocervical mucosa; include non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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Types of Ectocervical Cells

Include parabasal, intermediate, and superficial cells in four cell layers.

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Parabasal Cells

Round/oval cells, 12-30 µm, with dense green cytoplasm and a large nucleus.

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Intermediate Cells

Polygonal cells, 30-40 µm, with cyanophilic (blue-loving) cytoplasm and low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.

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Superficial Cells

Polygonal cells, 35-45 µm, with eosinophilic (pink-loving) cytoplasm and small pyknotic nuclei.

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Endocervical Cells

Cells with honeycomb arrangement, oval nuclei and cilia; typically found in the endocervical mucosa.

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Navicular Cells

Boat-shaped, glycogenated intermediate cells seen during pregnancy, appearing brownish.

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Lactating Pattern (Post-Partum)

Characterized by parabasal and immature intermediate cells, with epithelial atrophy.

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Cervical Atrophy (Menopause)

Loss of epithelial cells and predominance of parabasal cells due to estrogen deficiency.

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Cervical Cancer

The fourth most common cancer in women globally; important for screening.

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Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Ratio (NCR)

The ratio of nucleus size to cytoplasm size; significant in cell evaluation in cytopathology.

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Eosinophilic Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm that stains with eosin dye, indicating cell type and condition.

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Cyanophilic Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm that absorbs blue dyes, commonly seen in intermediate ectocervical cells.

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Study Notes

Topic 3: Female Genital Tract Cytology 1

  • This topic covers the cytology of the female genital tract, focusing on the different cell types, hormonal influences, and sample collection techniques.
  • The material examines the anatomy and histology of the female genital tract including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
  • The cytological features of normal epithelial cells in the female genital tract and the hormonal influences on cervical samples are detailed.
  • It includes an overview of cervical cancer, risk factors, and symptoms.
  • The procedures for sample collection and preparation for cervical cytology studies are also explained.
  • It details hormonal cytology evaluation and discusses cytological indices for evaluating hormonal status.
  • Screening methods, particularly the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, HPV test, and Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) are discussed in the context of cervical precancerous lesions.
  • Key aspects of patient preparation for sample collection procedures and important considerations are outlined.
  • The process for preparing cervical smears is detailed, along with considerations for sample fixation and staining procedures.
  • The different types of stains (e.g., Papanicolaou stain) and the associated characteristics of each are described.

Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)

  • PLO 1: Analyze and validate findings in medical laboratories by applying fundamental and advanced knowledge of medical sciences.
  • PLO 2: Perform and supervise medical laboratory procedures competently and implement new methodologies and instrumentations.
  • PLO 3: Collaborate with other healthcare professionals using good interpersonal, leadership, social, and teamwork skills.
  • PLO 4: Demonstrate sensitivities and responsibilities towards the community and environment through adhering to legal and ethical principles.
  • PLO 5: Present information and findings to the medical and laboratory community with skills in effective verbal and written communications.
  • PLO 6: Critically analyze and solve problems and challenges in medical laboratory practices.
  • PLO 7: Apply lifelong learning and information management skills.
  • PLO 8: Demonstrate managerial and entrepreneurial skills to manage laboratory activities.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

  • CLO 1: Discuss techniques in cytopathology investigations.
  • CLO 2: Integrate fundamental knowledge and techniques for cytopathology diagnostic laboratory procedures, including sample collection, staining, and screening techniques.
  • CLO 3: Prepare cytopathology reports in the specified format.

Lesson Learning Outcomes

  • Describe normal anatomy, histology, and physiology of the female genital tract.
  • Describe cytological features of normal epithelial cells of the female genital tract.
  • Explain hormonal influences on cervical samples.
  • Describe epidemiology, risk factors, signs, and symptoms of cervical cancer.
  • Discuss techniques for sample collection and preparation for cervical cytology studies.
  • Explain the purpose of hormonal cytology evaluation and cytological indices.

Lesson Outline

  • Anatomy and histology of the female genital tract
  • Physiology of the female genital tract
  • Cytological features of normal epithelial cells in the female genital tract
  • Hormonal influences on cervical samples
  • Overview of cervical cancer
  • Sample collection and preparation for cervical cytology studies
  • Hormonal cytology evaluation and cytological indices

Anatomy & Histology of Female Genital Tract

  • Components: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
  • Detailed descriptions of each component's structure and function are provided throughout.

Physiology of Female Genital Tract

  • Hormonal regulation (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH).
  • The role of hormones in menstrual cycle phases (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and their effects on the uterine lining (endometrium) and cervical mucus are emphasized.

Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer

  • Infection with certain types of HPV (e.g., types 16 and 18)
  • Other risk factors (e.g., multiple sexual partners, early sexual intercourse, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, high parity, smoking, and socioeconomic status).

Signs & Symptoms

  • Most patients are asymptomatic in the initial stages.
  • Common symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and loss of appetite.
  • More severe symptoms may arise in advanced stages.

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Female Genital Tract Cytology 1 - UniKL PDF

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