Cancer Treatment and Biologic Response Modifiers

<p>Severe Bronchospasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Etoposide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bevacizumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting cancer cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breast Cancer (B), Lung Cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High mitotic index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachytherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased concentration and cognitive changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colorectal Cancer (B), Breast Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They divide at a slower rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the entire body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interactions that provide reliability, care, and affection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feelings of autonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunities for free play and exploration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing failure without support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a sense of trust through care and reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sense of personal control over physical skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing unlimited access to all activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower likelihood of developing autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol (A), Late first pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G3- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultraviolet radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.7-2.1 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term hyperalimentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoparathyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypomagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypermagnesemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.1-5.3 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe burns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases potassium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyponatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases sodium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in potassium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laxative abuse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sodium, decreased potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases calcium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases both sodium and potassium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change in her gait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve the quality of life by reducing pain and discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigmoid Colostomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transverse Colostomy (C), Ascending Colostomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining a strict diet free of all gas-producing foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feeling a sense of wisdom and fulfillment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods that can contribute to gas production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manage bowel incontinence caused by spinal cord compression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing consistent and predictable care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a sense of self-control and independence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may become overly dependent on others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarian parenting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging them to participate in decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may struggle to trust others in future relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capacity to trust and rely on others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An infant's needs are met inconsistently, leading to feelings of uncertainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolic steroid use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children have a lower muscle mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of certain medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of white blood cells to fight the infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic kidney disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic blood loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High altitude exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic kidney disease can impair red blood cell production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic acidosis with prolonged diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starvation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polycythemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling bleeding and reducing odor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apply ice for 1 hour (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased ANC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricting the use of fresh flowers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering antibiotics promptly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired blood clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize the risk of developing cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming meaningful and lasting relationships with others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A well-defined sense of self and a direction in life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals develop a sense of belonging and connection to others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each stage presents a unique challenge that shapes our social and emotional development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industry vs. Inferiority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intimacy vs. Isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing a sense of self and identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asserting control over their environment and developing a sense of purpose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary focus is on developing a sense of autonomy and independence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may develop a sense of guilt and inadequacy about their actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The peer group gains greater significance, becoming a major source of self-esteem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exploring their own abilities and developing a sense of purpose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mastering basic skills and achieving competence in their learning and social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The child develops a strong sense of trust in their caregivers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can contribute to a sense of guilt and inadequacy about their actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lithium Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.7-2.1 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison's Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretic Abuse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged Salicylate Therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.62-0.91 mmol/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic Alcoholism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic Pancreatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destroy foreign invaders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme body wasting and malnutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acquisition of a specific cell function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to fluid retention and tissue swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GI tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachytherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melanoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to cognitive changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colorectal Cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tight adherence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sore that does not heal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carcinomas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It metastasizes from the original primary cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blastoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cancers of the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Size and invasiveness of the primary tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancers originating in lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent headaches without other symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6-20 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malnutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired kidney function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous feeding only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starvation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased hemoglobin levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases BUN levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased BUN (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased BUN levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases BUN levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases BUN levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that act on the G1 phase of the cell cycle, including hormonal drugs and antineoplastic enzymes like asparaginase.

Drugs that target the S phase during DNA synthesis, including antimetabolites like methotrexate and purine/pyrimidine analogs.

Drugs acting in the G2 phase, like Etoposide and Bleomycin, which prepare cells for mitosis.

Drugs that act during mitosis, including taxanes and vinca alkaloids which disrupt cell division.

Drugs that enhance the immune response against tumors, classified into hematopoietic and immunomodulating agents.

Targeted cancer therapies that bind to specific antigens on tumor cells, such as Bevacizumab.

Potentially fatal reactions including severe bronchospasms and tumor lysis syndrome associated with Rituximab use.

Immunomodulating drug that prevents cancer cell division and enhances macrophage activity.

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing cancer, such as lifestyle and environmental influences.

A risk factor that reflects income, education, and occupation, impacting cancer risk.

A type of radiation linked to cancers like leukemia and breast cancer.

A carcinogenic compound found in improperly stored grains and nuts linked to liver cancer.

A major lifestyle risk factor for multiple cancers, including lung and bladder cancer.

A medical drug exposure associated with reproductive cancers in offspring.

Chemotherapy agents that increase the risk of leukemia and bladder cancer.

Factors such as age at first pregnancy and number of children affecting cancer risk, particularly breast and ovarian cancer.

Breast cancer commonly spreads to bone, lung, liver, and brain.

Lung cancer typically metastasizes to brain, bone, liver, lymph nodes, and pancreas.

Colorectal cancer usually spreads to the liver, lymph nodes, and adjacent structures.

Prostate cancer primarily spreads to bones, especially spine and legs, and pelvic nodes.

Chemotherapy is systemic; radiation is local targeting specific tumors.

A condition with decreased concentration, memory loss, and cognitive changes due to chemotherapy.

External beam radiation therapy used most commonly for treating cancer.

Internal radiation delivering high doses to localized cancer areas, used for prostate cancer.

A lack of trust due to unreliable interactions.

Formed when interactions are reliable and caring.

Erikson's stage where a child seeks independence.

Lasts from 1.5 to 3 years, focused on personal control.

Parents should encourage exploration within limits.

Leads to feelings of autonomy and independence.

Results in feelings of shame and self-doubt.

An atmosphere that tolerates failure while supporting growth.

Elevated levels of calcium in the blood, often above 8.2 mg/dL.

A medical condition where kidneys fail to function properly.

A condition where acid accumulates in the body due to uncontrolled diabetes.

Long-term loss of kidney function, affects waste filtration.

Lithium therapy can cause elevated magnesium levels in the body.

Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion leads to excess fluid retention.

Low production of parathyroid hormone leading to low calcium levels.

A condition of producing abnormally small amounts of urine.

Conditions where the intestines cannot absorb nutrients properly.

Conditions such as renal failure, acidosis, or trauma that result in increased potassium levels.

A condition caused by excess production of aldosterone, leading to sodium retention and potassium loss.

A condition characterized by decreased blood pH due to increased acid or decreased bicarbonate.

A condition that can lead to elevated potassium levels due to hyperglycemia's effect on kidney function.

Cystic fibrosis can lead to low potassium levels due to excessive loss via sweat.

Diuretics can cause potassium loss from the body leading to low potassium or hypokalemia.

Sickle cell disease can be linked to moderate increases in potassium levels due to cell breakdown.

A condition in diabetes that can lead to elevated potassium levels due to acidosis.

A condition in which the kidneys fail to properly excrete acids into the urine, leading to acidic blood.

Chronic alcoholism can lead to electrolyte imbalances, including elevated potassium levels.

Decreased sodium levels can also affect potassium levels within the body due to hormonal responses.

A condition caused by adrenal tumor leading to excessive aldosterone production and subsequent sodium and potassium changes.

A condition that often causes sodium retention and potentially increases potassium levels.

The sense of self that develops during adolescence, involving exploration of roles and identities.

Uncertainty about oneself and one's place in society, common in adolescence.

Erikson's stage focusing on identity formation and role exploration from ages 12-18.

The ability to form meaningful relationships and commitment during adolescence.

Erikson's stage for young adults (ages 18-40) where the focus is on forming intimate relationships.

The stage of life where love and relationships take center stage, from ages 18-40.

The process during adolescence where individuals experiment with different roles and identities.

The established understanding of one’s goals and life path, developed during adolescence.

Abnormal growths that can extend locally or metastasize. Symptoms include discoloration and tissue necrosis.

Involves cleaning skin, controlling bleeding, and preventing infection. Avoid sun on radiated skin for 1 year.

A condition with low platelet count (<100,000), increasing bleeding risk among cancer patients.

Measures to prevent infection in patients with low neutrophil counts, including limiting visitors and monitoring for fever.

Regular lab tests to detect changes in white blood cell counts, assessing risk of infection.

A life-threatening response to infection that spreads bacteria or toxins throughout the body.

A condition where cancer spreads to the spine, causing nerve pressure and symptoms like gait changes.

Medical care aimed at improving quality of life and reducing pain, rather than curing the disease.

Addressing ongoing pain through physical, psychosocial, and spiritual support, often complicated by treatment effects.

A colostomy located in the ascending colon, producing liquid to semi-liquid stool.

Regular assessments for signs of infection, especially in common areas like the skin and respiratory tract.

A colostomy in the transverse colon, producing paste-like stool as water is absorbed.

A colostomy placed in the descending colon, producing semi-formed to formed stool.

A colostomy in the sigmoid colon, usually producing formed stool as most water is absorbed.

Care required for the surgically created opening (stoma) where waste exits the body.

Loss of feeling in legs or feet, often due to nerve damage or compression.

Normal range for red blood cells in men is 4.2-5.4 x 10⁶/mm³.

Normal range for red blood cells in women is 3.6-5.0 x 10⁶/mm³.

Normal range for red blood cells in neonates is 4.0-6.1 x 10⁶/mm³.

Normal arterial blood gas pH range in adults is 7.35-7.45.

Normal creatinine range for men is 0.9-1.3 mg/dL.

Normal creatinine range for women is 0.6-1.1 mg/dL.

Fasting plasma glucose normal range for adults is ≤100 mg/dL.

Fasting plasma glucose normal range for peds is 60-100 mg/dL.

An increase in red blood cells which can be due to disease or dehydration.

A condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells.

Increased breathing leading to changes in blood pH.

Liver disease can lead to decreased hemoglobin levels.

Causes an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.

Diabetes results in higher fasting glucose levels.

Normal range for adults is 6-20 mg/dL. Indicates kidney function.

Impaired renal function, dehydration, high protein intake.

Malnutrition, chronic liver disease, low protein diets.

Normal levels for children range from 5-18 mg/dL.

Liver failure can result in decreased BUN levels.

Congestive heart failure can increase BUN due to poor kidney perfusion.

Obstruction can lead to elevated BUN due to backpressure.

Low protein diets lead to decreased BUN levels.

Certain drugs can cause either increased or decreased BUN levels.

White blood cell count for adults is 3.2-10.0 x 10³ cells/mm³.

High neutrophils can indicate infection, affecting BUN.

Red blood cells values relate to overall hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.

Chronic infections or diseases influence white blood cell counts.

An enlarged spleen can lead to a lower WBC count due to cell trapping.

WBC levels vary throughout the day, typically higher in the morning.

Breast cancer spreads commonly to bone, lung, liver, and brain.

Lung cancer frequently metastasizes to the brain, bone, liver, lymph nodes, and pancreas.

Colorectal cancer primarily spreads to the liver, lymph nodes, and adjacent structures.

Prostate cancer mainly spreads to the bones, especially the spine and legs, and pelvic nodes.

The programmed death of a cell, essential for growth and development.

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

The reproduction of new cells through cell growth and division.

Abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells, leading to the formation of a neoplasm.

Any substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign.

Changes in bowel habits, sores, unusual bleeding, lumps, digestion issues, wart changes, or nagging cough.

Cancers originating in skin, lungs, breast, pancreas, glands; includes breast, prostate cancers.

Cancers arising from connective tissues such as bone, muscle, fat; examples include Osteosarcoma and Fibrosarcoma.

Cancers of lymphocytes; includes Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Cancer of the blood; types include Chronic Lymphocytic and Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Tumor identified by its original tissue type; the first location of cancer.

Metastatic tumor formed by cancer cells spreading from the primary site.

Staging system indicating the size and invasiveness of the primary tumor from T0 (none) to T4 (extensive invasion).

A stage (3-5 years) where children assert control and power through activities.

Successful completion of tasks during 'Initiative vs Guilt' leads to a sense of purpose.

Criticism during 'Initiative vs Guilt' can develop guilt in children.

A stage (5-12 years) where peers become crucial for self-esteem and learning.

During 'Industry vs Inferiority', friends become major influencers on self-esteem.

Children learn to interact and handle new challenges during 'Industry vs Inferiority'.

Stages describe psychological growth from childhood to adulthood according to Erikson.

The ability to form meaningful relationships during the 'Intimacy vs Isolation' stage.

Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen levels for adults are 6-20 mg/dL.

Normal BUN levels for older adults range from 8-23 mg/dL.

Symptoms may include increased BUN and creatinine levels in blood tests.

A high protein intake can significantly raise BUN levels in the bloodstream.

Malnutrition can cause low BUN levels due to reduced protein intake.

Chronic alcoholism may contribute to variations in BUN levels due to liver health.

BUN is a common blood test to evaluate kidney function and waste removal.

Normal urine output ranges from 800-2000 mL per day depending on hydration.

In cases of acute kidney injury, BUN levels may rise significantly.