Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main classes of Biologic Response Modifiers?
What are the two main classes of Biologic Response Modifiers?
- Antiviral and Antibacterial
- Hormonal and Anti-inflammatory
- Hematopoietic and Immunomodulating (correct)
- Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressant
Which of the following is NOT a typical adverse effect associated with Immunomodulating Monoclonal Antibodies?
Which of the following is NOT a typical adverse effect associated with Immunomodulating Monoclonal Antibodies?
- Immunosuppression
- Inflammatory reaction
- Hepatitis (correct)
- Hypokalemia
Which of these drugs is classified as a Purine Analog?
Which of these drugs is classified as a Purine Analog?
- Methotrexate
- Vincristine
- Hydroxurea
- Fludarabine (correct)
What is a potential life-threatening complication associated with Rituximab?
What is a potential life-threatening complication associated with Rituximab?
Which of the following drugs is classified as an Epiodophyllotoxin?
Which of the following drugs is classified as an Epiodophyllotoxin?
Which of the following is an example of a drug that inhibits the development of new blood vessels in a tumor?
Which of the following is an example of a drug that inhibits the development of new blood vessels in a tumor?
What is the primary action of Interferons in the treatment of cancer?
What is the primary action of Interferons in the treatment of cancer?
A patient receiving Aldesleukin (Proleukin) should be carefully monitored for:
A patient receiving Aldesleukin (Proleukin) should be carefully monitored for:
Which of the following cancers primarily metastasizes to the brain?
Which of the following cancers primarily metastasizes to the brain?
What is a characteristic feature of malignant cells compared to normal cells?
What is a characteristic feature of malignant cells compared to normal cells?
Which method of radiation therapy is used to deliver a high dose of radiation to a localized area?
Which method of radiation therapy is used to deliver a high dose of radiation to a localized area?
What cognitive effects are associated with 'chemo brain'?
What cognitive effects are associated with 'chemo brain'?
Which cancer is most commonly associated with metastasis to the liver?
Which cancer is most commonly associated with metastasis to the liver?
In terms of cell division rate, how do benign tumor cells compare to malignant cells?
In terms of cell division rate, how do benign tumor cells compare to malignant cells?
Which statement is true about systemic chemotherapy?
Which statement is true about systemic chemotherapy?
What is the common target area for metastasis in prostate cancer?
What is the common target area for metastasis in prostate cancer?
What is necessary for an infant to develop trust?
What is necessary for an infant to develop trust?
Which outcome is a result of successful exploration of abilities in early childhood?
Which outcome is a result of successful exploration of abilities in early childhood?
What do parents need to provide to foster autonomy in their children during early childhood?
What do parents need to provide to foster autonomy in their children during early childhood?
What leads to feelings of shame and doubt in children during the autonomy vs shame stage?
What leads to feelings of shame and doubt in children during the autonomy vs shame stage?
Which concept best encapsulates the developmental challenge faced by infants in the first stage of trust versus mistrust?
Which concept best encapsulates the developmental challenge faced by infants in the first stage of trust versus mistrust?
What is the primary focus of Erikson's stage of Autonomy vs Shame?
What is the primary focus of Erikson's stage of Autonomy vs Shame?
Which parenting style is NOT beneficial for a child's development of autonomy?
Which parenting style is NOT beneficial for a child's development of autonomy?
What is an implication of mistrust developing in early childhood?
What is an implication of mistrust developing in early childhood?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with breast cancer? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following risk factors is associated with breast cancer? (Select all that apply)
According to the table, which grading is most descriptive of cancer that is poorly differentiated?
According to the table, which grading is most descriptive of cancer that is poorly differentiated?
Which of the following cancers is associated with aflatoxin exposure?
Which of the following cancers is associated with aflatoxin exposure?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for cancer?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for cancer?
According to the table, which type of radiation is associated with skin cancer?
According to the table, which type of radiation is associated with skin cancer?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer?
Which of the following lifestyle factors is linked to an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer?
Which of the following lifestyle factors is linked to an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer?
According to the table, which of the following cancers is associated with late first pregnancy?
According to the table, which of the following cancers is associated with late first pregnancy?
What is the normal magnesium level range in adults?
What is the normal magnesium level range in adults?
Which condition is associated with reduced renal function?
Which condition is associated with reduced renal function?
What can falsely elevate magnesium levels in the body?
What can falsely elevate magnesium levels in the body?
Which of the following symptoms may indicate excessive loss of body fluids?
Which of the following symptoms may indicate excessive loss of body fluids?
Which of the following can contribute to magnesium deficiency?
Which of the following can contribute to magnesium deficiency?
What condition might cause the body to retain excessive magnesium?
What condition might cause the body to retain excessive magnesium?
Which electrolyte imbalance can be caused by malabsorption syndromes?
Which electrolyte imbalance can be caused by malabsorption syndromes?
What is a common risk associated with prolonged use of magnesium-containing antacids?
What is a common risk associated with prolonged use of magnesium-containing antacids?
What condition may result from excessive sweating leading to low magnesium levels?
What condition may result from excessive sweating leading to low magnesium levels?
Which of the following can cause false results in magnesium level testing?
Which of the following can cause false results in magnesium level testing?
What is the normal potassium level range for infants?
What is the normal potassium level range for infants?
Which condition is most likely to cause hyperkalemia?
Which condition is most likely to cause hyperkalemia?
Which of the following factors can contribute to increased sodium levels?
Which of the following factors can contribute to increased sodium levels?
How can primary hyperaldosteronism affect potassium levels?
How can primary hyperaldosteronism affect potassium levels?
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with excessive licorice intake?
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with excessive licorice intake?
What is the effect of severe dehydration on sodium levels?
What is the effect of severe dehydration on sodium levels?
How does alcohol affect potassium levels?
How does alcohol affect potassium levels?
In which situation is osmotic diuresis most likely to cause elevated potassium levels?
In which situation is osmotic diuresis most likely to cause elevated potassium levels?
What is the potential effect of a kidney transplant on electrolyte levels?
What is the potential effect of a kidney transplant on electrolyte levels?
Which of the following is a common cause of hypokalemia?
Which of the following is a common cause of hypokalemia?
What does aldosteronism cause in terms of sodium and potassium balance?
What does aldosteronism cause in terms of sodium and potassium balance?
How does hypoparathyroidism affect calcium levels?
How does hypoparathyroidism affect calcium levels?
What impact does severe diarrhea have on electrolytes?
What impact does severe diarrhea have on electrolytes?
What is the main symptom that Van Nortwick's mother experienced that alerted her to the spinal cord compression?
What is the main symptom that Van Nortwick's mother experienced that alerted her to the spinal cord compression?
What is the primary function of palliative care, as illustrated by Van Nortwick's mother's experience?
What is the primary function of palliative care, as illustrated by Van Nortwick's mother's experience?
Which of the following colostomy types produces the most formed stool?
Which of the following colostomy types produces the most formed stool?
Which of the following colostomy types is most likely to require emptying the pouch 4-6 times a day?
Which of the following colostomy types is most likely to require emptying the pouch 4-6 times a day?
Which of the following is NOT a common concern associated with colostomy care?
Which of the following is NOT a common concern associated with colostomy care?
Which of the following best reflects the impact of achieving success in the stages of development mentioned in the first table?
Which of the following best reflects the impact of achieving success in the stages of development mentioned in the first table?
What is the primary concern regarding foods to avoid with a colostomy?
What is the primary concern regarding foods to avoid with a colostomy?
What is the primary reason for the use of a temporary colostomy bag in Van Nortwick's mother's case?
What is the primary reason for the use of a temporary colostomy bag in Van Nortwick's mother's case?
What is the key element that contributes to the development of trust in infants?
What is the key element that contributes to the development of trust in infants?
According to Erikson, what is the primary focus of the Autonomy vs Shame stage of development?
According to Erikson, what is the primary focus of the Autonomy vs Shame stage of development?
What is the main consequence of a child's failure to develop a sense of autonomy during the Autonomy vs Shame stage?
What is the main consequence of a child's failure to develop a sense of autonomy during the Autonomy vs Shame stage?
Which of the following parenting styles is MOST likely to hinder a child's development of autonomy?
Which of the following parenting styles is MOST likely to hinder a child's development of autonomy?
What is the PRIMARY role of parents in fostering autonomy in their children during the Autonomy vs Shame stage?
What is the PRIMARY role of parents in fostering autonomy in their children during the Autonomy vs Shame stage?
What is the MOST LIKELY implication of an infant developing mistrust in their early childhood?
What is the MOST LIKELY implication of an infant developing mistrust in their early childhood?
According to the provided information, what is the core concept behind Erikson's theory of trust versus mistrust?
According to the provided information, what is the core concept behind Erikson's theory of trust versus mistrust?
Which of these scenarios illustrates the development of mistrust in an infant?
Which of these scenarios illustrates the development of mistrust in an infant?
What is a potential cause for a decreased BUN level?
What is a potential cause for a decreased BUN level?
Which of these conditions is NOT associated with an increased BUN level?
Which of these conditions is NOT associated with an increased BUN level?
Which is a common factor that can interfere with BUN levels?
Which is a common factor that can interfere with BUN levels?
What is a plausible reason for a decreased BUN level in a child compared to an adult?
What is a plausible reason for a decreased BUN level in a child compared to an adult?
Which condition is MOST likely to cause a decreased WBC count?
Which condition is MOST likely to cause a decreased WBC count?
What is a potential reason for an increased WBC count in a person NOT experiencing an infection?
What is a potential reason for an increased WBC count in a person NOT experiencing an infection?
Which of these factors can influence the WBC count fluctuations throughout the day?
Which of these factors can influence the WBC count fluctuations throughout the day?
What is the most likely reason for an increased WBC count in a patient with a bacterial infection?
What is the most likely reason for an increased WBC count in a patient with a bacterial infection?
Which is NOT a potential reason for an increased WBC count?
Which is NOT a potential reason for an increased WBC count?
Which of these factors is LEAST likely to cause a decrease in WBC count?
Which of these factors is LEAST likely to cause a decrease in WBC count?
What is the probable outcome of a low WBC count in an individual with a serious infection?
What is the probable outcome of a low WBC count in an individual with a serious infection?
Which of these factors is most likely to cause a decrease in red blood cell count?
Which of these factors is most likely to cause a decrease in red blood cell count?
What is a potential outcome of a decreased red blood cell count?
What is a potential outcome of a decreased red blood cell count?
Which of these factors is MOST likely to cause an increase in hemoglobin levels?
Which of these factors is MOST likely to cause an increase in hemoglobin levels?
Why is it important to monitor hemoglobin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease?
Why is it important to monitor hemoglobin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause an increase in the blood pH level?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause an increase in the blood pH level?
Which of the following factors can cause a falsely elevated creatinine level?
Which of the following factors can cause a falsely elevated creatinine level?
Which of the following conditions may cause a decrease in Hemoglobin (Hb) levels?
Which of the following conditions may cause a decrease in Hemoglobin (Hb) levels?
What condition can cause a falsely elevated Hct (hematocrit) level?
What condition can cause a falsely elevated Hct (hematocrit) level?
Which of the following conditions can cause a decrease in serum chloride (Cl-) levels?
Which of the following conditions can cause a decrease in serum chloride (Cl-) levels?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause hyperkalemia (increased potassium levels)?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause hyperkalemia (increased potassium levels)?
Which of the following factors can contribute to an increase in sodium levels?
Which of the following factors can contribute to an increase in sodium levels?
What condition can cause a decrease in blood glucose levels?
What condition can cause a decrease in blood glucose levels?
Which of the following conditions can cause an increase in blood glucose levels?
Which of the following conditions can cause an increase in blood glucose levels?
Which of the following factors can cause a decrease in RBC (red blood cell) count?
Which of the following factors can cause a decrease in RBC (red blood cell) count?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause an increase in RBC (red blood cell) count?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause an increase in RBC (red blood cell) count?
Which of the following factors can contribute to an increase in Paco₂ (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) levels?
Which of the following factors can contribute to an increase in Paco₂ (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) levels?
Which of the following conditions is associated with a decrease in Pao₂ (partial pressure of oxygen) levels?
Which of the following conditions is associated with a decrease in Pao₂ (partial pressure of oxygen) levels?
Which of the following factors can cause a decrease in HCO₃- (bicarbonate) levels?
Which of the following factors can cause a decrease in HCO₃- (bicarbonate) levels?
What is the primary focus of nursing care for a patient with a malignant skin lesion?
What is the primary focus of nursing care for a patient with a malignant skin lesion?
Which of the following is a potential complication associated with chemotherapy?
Which of the following is a potential complication associated with chemotherapy?
What is the recommended action for a patient with a platelet count of 25,000 who experiences a bump?
What is the recommended action for a patient with a platelet count of 25,000 who experiences a bump?
What is the most significant risk factor for developing infection in a patient with cancer?
What is the most significant risk factor for developing infection in a patient with cancer?
Which of the following is a key nursing intervention when caring for a patient with neutropenia?
Which of the following is a key nursing intervention when caring for a patient with neutropenia?
What is the most crucial aspect of managing sepsis in a patient with cancer?
What is the most crucial aspect of managing sepsis in a patient with cancer?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Why is it crucial for patients receiving radiation therapy to avoid sun exposure for one year?
Why is it crucial for patients receiving radiation therapy to avoid sun exposure for one year?
Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development focuses on a sense of self and exploration of personal identity?
Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development focuses on a sense of self and exploration of personal identity?
According to Erikson, what is the main conflict experienced by individuals during the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
According to Erikson, what is the main conflict experienced by individuals during the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
What is the primary outcome of successfully navigating the Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
What is the primary outcome of successfully navigating the Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
How does Erikson describe the outcome of successfully navigating the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
How does Erikson describe the outcome of successfully navigating the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the core idea behind Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the core idea behind Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
Which of Erikson's stages is primarily focused on developing a sense of competence and accomplishment?
Which of Erikson's stages is primarily focused on developing a sense of competence and accomplishment?
Which Erikson stage focuses on developing a sense of belonging and intimacy with others?
Which Erikson stage focuses on developing a sense of belonging and intimacy with others?
According to Erikson, what is the primary concern for individuals in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
According to Erikson, what is the primary concern for individuals in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
During the stage of Initiative vs Guilt, what is the primary developmental challenge faced by a child?
During the stage of Initiative vs Guilt, what is the primary developmental challenge faced by a child?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
What is a potential consequence of a child experiencing excessive criticism or control during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
What is a potential consequence of a child experiencing excessive criticism or control during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
How does the peer group's role in a child's self-esteem change during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
How does the peer group's role in a child's self-esteem change during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
What is the primary focus of the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
What is the primary focus of the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
What is the developmental task that children are primarily working on during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
What is the developmental task that children are primarily working on during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of successful development during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of successful development during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of discouraging a child's initiative during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of discouraging a child's initiative during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
Which of the following conditions can lead to a false increase in magnesium levels?
Which of the following conditions can lead to a false increase in magnesium levels?
What is the normal range of magnesium levels in adults?
What is the normal range of magnesium levels in adults?
Which of the following conditions might cause the body to retain excessive magnesium?
Which of the following conditions might cause the body to retain excessive magnesium?
Which of the following can contribute to a false decrease in magnesium levels?
Which of the following can contribute to a false decrease in magnesium levels?
Which of the following factors can lead to excessive loss of body fluids, potentially resulting in low magnesium levels?
Which of the following factors can lead to excessive loss of body fluids, potentially resulting in low magnesium levels?
Which of the following conditions is associated with reduced renal function, potentially leading to altered magnesium levels?
Which of the following conditions is associated with reduced renal function, potentially leading to altered magnesium levels?
What is the normal range of magnesium levels in newborns?
What is the normal range of magnesium levels in newborns?
Which of these conditions can cause a false increase in magnesium levels?
Which of these conditions can cause a false increase in magnesium levels?
What is a potential complication associated with prolonged use of magnesium-containing antacids?
What is a potential complication associated with prolonged use of magnesium-containing antacids?
Which of the following conditions can lead to magnesium deficiency?
Which of the following conditions can lead to magnesium deficiency?
What characterizes neoplasia in cellular biology?
What characterizes neoplasia in cellular biology?
Which of the following describes the primary role of T-cells in the immune system?
Which of the following describes the primary role of T-cells in the immune system?
What is a significant consequence of cachexia in patients?
What is a significant consequence of cachexia in patients?
What does the process of differentiation in cellular biology involve?
What does the process of differentiation in cellular biology involve?
How does capillary leak syndrome impact the body?
How does capillary leak syndrome impact the body?
What is the primary common site of metastasis for melanoma?
What is the primary common site of metastasis for melanoma?
Which of the following correctly describes the growth behavior of malignant cells?
Which of the following correctly describes the growth behavior of malignant cells?
Which type of radiation therapy delivers a high dose to a localized area for cases such as prostate cancer?
Which type of radiation therapy delivers a high dose to a localized area for cases such as prostate cancer?
Which cancer commonly metastasizes to the brain?
Which cancer commonly metastasizes to the brain?
What effect does chemotherapy have on cognitive functions?
What effect does chemotherapy have on cognitive functions?
What characteristic do malignant cells exhibit in terms of nuclear size compared to normal cells?
What characteristic do malignant cells exhibit in terms of nuclear size compared to normal cells?
Which type of cancer is primarily associated with metastases to the liver?
Which type of cancer is primarily associated with metastases to the liver?
What is a common characteristic of benign tumor cells in comparison to malignant cells?
What is a common characteristic of benign tumor cells in comparison to malignant cells?
What is a characteristic sign of cancer that involves a sore?
What is a characteristic sign of cancer that involves a sore?
Which type of tumor arises from glandular tissues?
Which type of tumor arises from glandular tissues?
What distinguishes a secondary tumor from a primary tumor?
What distinguishes a secondary tumor from a primary tumor?
Which type of cancer is characterized by a growth from embryonal tissues?
Which type of cancer is characterized by a growth from embryonal tissues?
Which of the following is true about leukemias?
Which of the following is true about leukemias?
What does the T in the tumor classification system mainly refer to?
What does the T in the tumor classification system mainly refer to?
What type of cancer is better defined by the term lymphomas?
What type of cancer is better defined by the term lymphomas?
Which of the following does NOT qualify as an early warning sign of cancer?
Which of the following does NOT qualify as an early warning sign of cancer?
What is the normal range of BUN levels for adults?
What is the normal range of BUN levels for adults?
What condition is associated with decreased BUN levels?
What condition is associated with decreased BUN levels?
Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in BUN levels?
Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in BUN levels?
In which scenario would you expect BUN levels to decrease?
In which scenario would you expect BUN levels to decrease?
What is a possible cause for increased BUN levels aside from renal impairment?
What is a possible cause for increased BUN levels aside from renal impairment?
What does a neutrophilic leukocytosis typically indicate?
What does a neutrophilic leukocytosis typically indicate?
Which demographic is expected to show higher BUN levels due to lower muscle mass?
Which demographic is expected to show higher BUN levels due to lower muscle mass?
Which condition is primarily indicated by leukocytosis in the WBC differential?
Which condition is primarily indicated by leukocytosis in the WBC differential?
Chronic renal disease can lead to which of the following hematologic findings?
Chronic renal disease can lead to which of the following hematologic findings?
The presence of lymphocytosis in a WBC count typically indicates which type of infection?
The presence of lymphocytosis in a WBC count typically indicates which type of infection?
What effect does dehydration have on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels?
What effect does dehydration have on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels?
A patient with diabetes and ketoacidosis may present with what type of BUN change?
A patient with diabetes and ketoacidosis may present with what type of BUN change?
What is typically observed in a patient experiencing excessive protein intake?
What is typically observed in a patient experiencing excessive protein intake?
How does chronic use of diuretics affect BUN levels?
How does chronic use of diuretics affect BUN levels?
What effect does pregnancy have on BUN levels?
What effect does pregnancy have on BUN levels?
Flashcards
G1 Phase Drugs
G1 Phase Drugs
Drugs that act on the G1 phase of the cell cycle, including hormonal drugs and antineoplastic enzymes like asparaginase.
S Phase Drugs
S Phase Drugs
Drugs that target the S phase during DNA synthesis, including antimetabolites like methotrexate and purine/pyrimidine analogs.
G2 Phase Drugs
G2 Phase Drugs
Drugs acting in the G2 phase, like Etoposide and Bleomycin, which prepare cells for mitosis.
M Phase Drugs
M Phase Drugs
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Immunomodulating Drugs
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Monoclonal Antibodies
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Rituximab Adverse Effects
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Interferon
Interferon
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Risk Factors for Cancer
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Socioeconomic Status
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Ionizing Radiation
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Aflatoxin
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Tobacco Use
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DES (Diethylstilbestrol)
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Alkylating Drugs
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Reproductive History
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Common sites of breast cancer metastases
Common sites of breast cancer metastases
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Common sites of lung cancer metastases
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Common sites of colorectal cancer metastases
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Common sites of prostate cancer metastases
Common sites of prostate cancer metastases
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Chemotherapy vs. Radiation
Chemotherapy vs. Radiation
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Chemo brain
Chemo brain
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Teletherapy
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Brachytherapy
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Mistrust
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Trust Development
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Autonomy vs Shame
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Early Childhood Stage
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Parental Role
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Effect of Success
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Effect of Failure
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Encouraging Environment
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Hypercalcemia
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Renal Failure
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Diabetic Acidosis
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Adrenalectomy
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SIADH
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Oliguria
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Malabsorption Syndromes
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Causes of Hyperkalemia
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Aldosteronism
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Osmotic Hyperglycemia
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Cystic Fibrosis and K+
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Effects of Diuretics
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Sickle Cell Disease and K+
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Renal Tubular Acidosis
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Alcoholism and K+
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Low Sodium Regulation
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Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
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Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
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Ego Identity
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Role Confusion
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Stage 5: Adolescence
Stage 5: Adolescence
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Fidelity
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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Stage 6: Young Adulthood
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Identity Exploration
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Sense of Direction
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Malignant skin lesions
Malignant skin lesions
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Patient Care for Skin Lesions
Patient Care for Skin Lesions
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Thrombocytopenia
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Neutropenic Precautions
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Monitoring WBC Counts
Monitoring WBC Counts
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Sepsis
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Spinal Cord Compression
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Palliative Care
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Chronic Pain Management
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Ascending Colostomy
Ascending Colostomy
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Monitoring for Infection Risks
Monitoring for Infection Risks
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Transverse Colostomy
Transverse Colostomy
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Descending Colostomy
Descending Colostomy
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Sigmoid Colostomy
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Stoma Care
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Numbness in Lower Extremities
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RBC Count Men
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RBC Count Women
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RBC Count Neonates
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ABG Normal pH Range Adult
ABG Normal pH Range Adult
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Creatinine Men
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Creatinine Women
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Glucose Fasting Adults
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Glucose Fasting Peds
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Polycythemia
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Anemia
Anemia
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Hyperventilation Effect
Hyperventilation Effect
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Liver Disease Impact on Hb
Liver Disease Impact on Hb
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Dehydration Effects
Dehydration Effects
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Diabetes and Glucose
Diabetes and Glucose
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BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) Levels
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) Levels
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Increased BUN Causes
Increased BUN Causes
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Decreased BUN Causes
Decreased BUN Causes
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BUN in Pediatrics
BUN in Pediatrics
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Effect of Liver Failure on BUN
Effect of Liver Failure on BUN
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CHF and BUN Levels
CHF and BUN Levels
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Urinary Tract Obstruction
Urinary Tract Obstruction
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Malnutrition Effect on BUN
Malnutrition Effect on BUN
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Drugs Affecting BUN Levels
Drugs Affecting BUN Levels
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WBC Normal Range
WBC Normal Range
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Neutrophilia and BUN
Neutrophilia and BUN
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Normal RBC Range
Normal RBC Range
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Chronic Conditions Affecting WBC
Chronic Conditions Affecting WBC
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Hypersplenism Effect
Hypersplenism Effect
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Hourly Rhythm of WBC
Hourly Rhythm of WBC
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Breast Cancer Metastasis
Breast Cancer Metastasis
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Lung Cancer Metastasis
Lung Cancer Metastasis
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Colorectal Cancer Metastasis
Colorectal Cancer Metastasis
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Prostate Cancer Metastasis
Prostate Cancer Metastasis
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Differentiation
Differentiation
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Proliferation
Proliferation
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Neoplasia
Neoplasia
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Antigen
Antigen
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Warning Signs of Cancer
Warning Signs of Cancer
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Carcinomas
Carcinomas
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Sarcomas
Sarcomas
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Lymphomas
Lymphomas
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Leukemia
Leukemia
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Primary Tumor
Primary Tumor
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Secondary Tumor
Secondary Tumor
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Tumor Staging (T)
Tumor Staging (T)
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Initiative vs Guilt
Initiative vs Guilt
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Sense of Purpose
Sense of Purpose
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Negative Effects of Criticism
Negative Effects of Criticism
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Industry vs Inferiority
Industry vs Inferiority
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Peer Group Significance
Peer Group Significance
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Coping with Social Demands
Coping with Social Demands
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Erikson's Stages of Development
Erikson's Stages of Development
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Fidelity in Adolescence
Fidelity in Adolescence
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BUN Normal Range
BUN Normal Range
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Geriatrics BUN Level
Geriatrics BUN Level
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Signs of Impaired Kidney Function
Signs of Impaired Kidney Function
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Effects of High Protein Diet
Effects of High Protein Diet
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Malnutrition and BUN
Malnutrition and BUN
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Alcohol and BUN Levels
Alcohol and BUN Levels
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BUN as Kidney Function Test
BUN as Kidney Function Test
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Urine Output Measurement
Urine Output Measurement
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Acute Kidney Injury and BUN
Acute Kidney Injury and BUN
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Study Notes
Cellular Regulation
- Refers to all internal cell functions maintaining homeostasis
- Most cell components are proteins
- Homeostasis is a self-regulating process that maintains stability for optimal survival
- Apoptosis is cell death
- Differentiation is the development of a specific cell function from a less specialized cell
- Proliferation is the process of cell reproduction through growth and division
- Neoplasia is the abnormal multiplication of cells, leading to the formation of a neoplasm (new tissue growth)
- Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous
- Malignant neoplasms are cancerous
- Replication is the process of duplicating cells with identical genetic material (DNA)
- 23 pairs of chromosomes are present in each cell
- Cells replicate faster than they die in normal growth
- Dysplasia means abnormal cells
- Cachexia is extreme body wasting and malnutrition
- Adjuvant therapy involves using chemotherapy alongside radiation or surgery
- Desquamation is skin peeling (shedding of the outer skin layer)
- Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response
- B-cells include memory cells and plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins
- T-cells destroy foreign invaders, but over-active suppression leads to tumor growth.
- Macrophages are immune system cells that kill cancer cells.
- Myeloid blasts are immature tumor cells found in acute myeloid leukemia.
- Cytokines are immune proteins coordinating humoral and cell-mediated immunity. They boost immunity.
- Capillary leak syndrome occurs when capillaries lose proteins like albumin, leading to fluid buildup
Cell Cycle
- Most cells spend time in the GO phase where they are functioning but not dividing
- G1 phase (Interphase): Normal cell functions and growth
- S phase (Interphase): DNA replicates (creating two copies of each chromosome)
- G2 phase (Interphase): Cell prepares for mitosis and division
- Prophase: Condensing chromosomes, forming spindle fibers, separating centrioles
- Metaphase: Double-stranded chromosomes line up, spindle fibers connect to each sister chromatid
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Telophase: Chromosomes reach cell ends, new cell membrane begins to form, spindle disappears
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm and organelles divide to create two genetically identical cells
Drugs affecting cell cycle phases
- G1 phase drugs: Hormonal drugs, antineoplastic enzymes (asparaginase);
- S phase drugs: Antimetabolites (Folate Analogs like Methotrexate, Purine Analogs, and Prymidine Analogs); Miscellaneous (Hydroxurea);
- G2 phase drugs: Topoisomerase-1 inhibitors; Miscellaneous Bleomycin; Taxanes (Docetaxel, Paclitaxel)
- M phase drugs: Vinca alkaloids (Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vinorelbine)
- Taxanes (Docetaxel, Paclitaxel)
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