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Questions and Answers
Cancers are characterized by unregulated cell ______, tissue invasion, and metastasis.
Cancers are characterized by unregulated cell ______, tissue invasion, and metastasis.
growth
A ______ is benign when it grows without tissue invasion; in contrast, a malignant neoplasm will spread.
A ______ is benign when it grows without tissue invasion; in contrast, a malignant neoplasm will spread.
neoplasm
Breast cancer typically metastasizes to ______ and lung tissue through both the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
Breast cancer typically metastasizes to ______ and lung tissue through both the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
brain
Increased ______ is a characteristic of cancer that refers to the development of new blood vessels.
Increased ______ is a characteristic of cancer that refers to the development of new blood vessels.
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Failure to differentiate, loss of apoptosis, and genetic instability are examples of abnormal ______.
Failure to differentiate, loss of apoptosis, and genetic instability are examples of abnormal ______.
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Cancer is not a single ______.
Cancer is not a single ______.
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There are over ______ different types of cancer.
There are over ______ different types of cancer.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of ______ in the United States.
Cancer is the second leading cause of ______ in the United States.
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A carcinogen is an agent that induces ______.
A carcinogen is an agent that induces ______.
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Carcinogenesis proceeds in three distinct phases: Initiation, Promotion, and ______.
Carcinogenesis proceeds in three distinct phases: Initiation, Promotion, and ______.
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The transformation of cells in cancer initiation occurs through interaction with ______, radiation, or viruses.
The transformation of cells in cancer initiation occurs through interaction with ______, radiation, or viruses.
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Cells can remain dormant for a variable period until activated by a ______ agent.
Cells can remain dormant for a variable period until activated by a ______ agent.
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Transformation from normal cells to detectable cancer can take many years or even ______.
Transformation from normal cells to detectable cancer can take many years or even ______.
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A standard multivitamin and mineral supplement that provides no more than 100% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) is considered ______.
A standard multivitamin and mineral supplement that provides no more than 100% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) is considered ______.
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Individuals should attempt to meet vitamin and mineral needs through the foods they eat rather than use dietary ______.
Individuals should attempt to meet vitamin and mineral needs through the foods they eat rather than use dietary ______.
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Supplementation of specific micronutrients may be required above or below DRI levels, depending on the medical diagnosis and laboratory ______.
Supplementation of specific micronutrients may be required above or below DRI levels, depending on the medical diagnosis and laboratory ______.
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Possible diagnoses include involuntary weight loss and inadequate oral ______.
Possible diagnoses include involuntary weight loss and inadequate oral ______.
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Intervention goals should be specific, achievable, and ______ to encourage cooperation.
Intervention goals should be specific, achievable, and ______ to encourage cooperation.
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Goals must be directed toward an objective measure such as body ______ or some other meaningful index.
Goals must be directed toward an objective measure such as body ______ or some other meaningful index.
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Nutrition intervention aims to minimize the effects of nutrition impact ______ and to maximize the individual’s nutritional parameters.
Nutrition intervention aims to minimize the effects of nutrition impact ______ and to maximize the individual’s nutritional parameters.
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Inadequate fluid intake can lead to impaired ability to prepare foods and ______.
Inadequate fluid intake can lead to impaired ability to prepare foods and ______.
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Hypermethylation of ______ regions is a common mechanism by which tumor-suppressor loci are epigenetically silenced.
Hypermethylation of ______ regions is a common mechanism by which tumor-suppressor loci are epigenetically silenced.
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When tumor-suppressor genes are not properly expressed, control of the ______ cycle is lost.
When tumor-suppressor genes are not properly expressed, control of the ______ cycle is lost.
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Epigenetics has great importance within the field of ______.
Epigenetics has great importance within the field of ______.
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Nutrigenomics studies genetic variations that cause different phenotypic responses to ______.
Nutrigenomics studies genetic variations that cause different phenotypic responses to ______.
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Heavy consumption of red meat increases ______ risk, especially for colorectal and breast cancers.
Heavy consumption of red meat increases ______ risk, especially for colorectal and breast cancers.
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Diets that contain levels of protein below that required for optimal growth can suppress tumor ______.
Diets that contain levels of protein below that required for optimal growth can suppress tumor ______.
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Nitrates are added as preservatives to processed meats and can be reduced to form ______.
Nitrates are added as preservatives to processed meats and can be reduced to form ______.
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Food preparation methods such as smoking and pickling can produce N-nitroso compounds, which are known ______ and carcinogens.
Food preparation methods such as smoking and pickling can produce N-nitroso compounds, which are known ______ and carcinogens.
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Common side effects due to toxicity of rapidly dividing cells include nausea and other gastrointestinal (GI) problems, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and ______.
Common side effects due to toxicity of rapidly dividing cells include nausea and other gastrointestinal (GI) problems, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and ______.
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Symptoms such as diarrhea and ______ can arise from side effects of cancer treatments.
Symptoms such as diarrhea and ______ can arise from side effects of cancer treatments.
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Alopecia is a common side effect of cancer therapies, which involves ______.
Alopecia is a common side effect of cancer therapies, which involves ______.
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Radiation therapy is localized to the region that is being ______.
Radiation therapy is localized to the region that is being ______.
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Delayed wound healing is a side effect associated with ______ therapy.
Delayed wound healing is a side effect associated with ______ therapy.
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Dysgeusia is a taste disorder that can cause foul, rancid, metallic, or ______ taste perception.
Dysgeusia is a taste disorder that can cause foul, rancid, metallic, or ______ taste perception.
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Cancer treatments may lead to radiation enteritis, which is inflammation of the ______.
Cancer treatments may lead to radiation enteritis, which is inflammation of the ______.
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Biological therapies may be used to treat cancer itself or the ______ of other cancer treatments.
Biological therapies may be used to treat cancer itself or the ______ of other cancer treatments.
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Charring or cooking meat at high temperatures can cause the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs), typically at temperatures of 400° F or more, resulting in a process called ______.
Charring or cooking meat at high temperatures can cause the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs), typically at temperatures of 400° F or more, resulting in a process called ______.
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Consumption of ______ may also influence cancer risk and nutritional factors.
Consumption of ______ may also influence cancer risk and nutritional factors.
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Fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, ovary, bladder, and ______.
Fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, ovary, bladder, and ______.
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______ is known to affect DNA methylation, synthesis, and repair, making it a vital nutrient.
______ is known to affect DNA methylation, synthesis, and repair, making it a vital nutrient.
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Consuming soy may protect against ______ cancer, particularly if introduced before adulthood.
Consuming soy may protect against ______ cancer, particularly if introduced before adulthood.
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Several dietary components are being studied as potential chemopreventive agents, including carotenoids, resveratrol, and ______.
Several dietary components are being studied as potential chemopreventive agents, including carotenoids, resveratrol, and ______.
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Diets containing modest amounts of soy have been shown to be beneficial for men with ______ cancer.
Diets containing modest amounts of soy have been shown to be beneficial for men with ______ cancer.
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Coffee and tea are rich in various ______ and phenolic compounds that may contribute to reducing cancer risk.
Coffee and tea are rich in various ______ and phenolic compounds that may contribute to reducing cancer risk.
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Study Notes
Neoplastic Disease: Cancer
- Cancer is not a single disorder, but rather over 100 different disease types.
- Cancer differs in characteristics, body locations, and treatment requirements.
- Cancer is a disorder of cell growth and regulation, with abnormal cells dividing uncontrollably and invading other tissues.
- It is the second leading cause of mortality in the US (first is cardiovascular disease).
Phases of Carcinogenesis
- Carcinogenesis is a multistage process occurring in three phases: initiation, promotion, and tumor progression (including metastasis).
- A carcinogen is a physical, chemical, or viral agent that induces cancer.
- Initiation involves the interaction of chemicals, radiation or viruses with cellular DNA, transforming normal cells. This process is rapid but cells may remain dormant for a variable period.
- Promotion involves cancer cells multiplying and evading mechanisms meant to protect against growth and the spread of the cells.
- Tumor progression involves the aggregation and growth of cells into a malignant neoplasm. Metastasis is the invasion and spread to distant tissues/organs. This requires the tumor to develop its own blood supply.
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
- Unexplained weight loss of 10 or more pounds may be an initial sign.
- Fever is common in cancer cases and can occur after the cancer has spread.
- Fatigue is a common symptom, potentially occurring early or later in the course of the disease.
- Pain is commonly associated with the spread of cancer (metastasis).
- Skin changes (such as darker, yellowish or reddened skin) and excessive hair growth are potential associated symptoms.
- Constitutional symptoms of cancer may include anorexia, fatigue, weight loss, fever, sweating, and anemia.
- Metastatic symptoms include pain, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, bone pain, and neurological symptoms.
Etiology of Cancer
- Cancer etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that lead to genetic and epigenetic changes.
- Potential risk factors are growing older, tobacco use, sunlight/ionizing radiation exposure, certain chemicals, some viruses/bacteria and hormones, family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and being overweight.
- Carcinogens (like chemicals, physical agents such as UV radiation, and viral/bacterial agents) can contribute.
- Major gene categories influencing cancer include oncogenes (which promote tumor growth and change apoptosis) and tumor-suppressor genes (affecting cell death).
- Epigenetics involves changes in gene activity without altering the DNA itself, often from chromatin (DNA and protein) modifications.
Cancer and Nutrition: Nutritional Risk and Preventing Factors
- Heavy consumption of red/processed meats (including processed meats) increases cancer risk for a range of cancer types.
- Cancer development can be suppressed by diets with lower protein levels compared to optimally required amounts, although higher levels tend to enhance development.
- Food preparation methods (like smoking, salting, or pickling) can produce carcinogens, as can high-temperature cooking of meats (producing PAHs and HCAs).
- Diets high in saturated fats or certain types of fat, alcohol consumption and obesity are also risk factors.
- On the other hand, diets high in fruits, vegetables, antioxidants (e.g vitamin C, A, E, selenium, zinc), whole grains, fiber, vitamin D, coffee, tea (with antioxidants), folate, and soy may have protective effects against cancer development.
Cancer Pathophysiology
- Cancer is characterized by: unregulated cell growth, tissue invasion, and metastasis (spread to nearby or distant areas).
- A neoplasm is benign when growth occurs without tissue invasion.
- A malignant neoplasm has the potential to spread to other tissues and organs - through the lymphatic system, circulatory system, or nearby body cavities.
- Cancer is characterized by further abnormal phenotypes like failure to differentiate, loss of apoptosis and genetic instability due to mutations, increased angiogenesis, and evasion of the immune system.
Medical Diagnosis
- Diagnostic procedures include: blood and physical tests, cytologic tests, imaging, and biochemical analysis of body fluids to detect biomarkers.
- Tumors are classified based on size, location and spread (using the TNM system, describing primary tumor, lymph nodes, and metastases).
Cancer Treatment
- Treatment modalities vary, including chemotherapy (including hormonal and molecularly targeted therapy), radiation, surgery, and biologic therapy (immunotherapy and gene therapy).
- These treatments vary based on the location of the cancer, the size of the cancer and the overall health of the patient.
- Various interventions and nutrition therapy should be used in combination.
- Interventions may include: focus on nutritional concerns with surgery, during chemotherapy and radiation treatment, before/after surgery, for hematologic cell transplantation, focused monitoring and evaluation.
Nutrition Therapy
- Malnutrition is associated with cancer and cancer treatment, affecting 30-70% of patients and impacting mortality.
- Primary goals with nutrition therapy are to prevent malnutrition, establish individualized nutrition interventions, and improve nutritional recovery during and after treatment.
- Nutritional assessments (such as using the MUST, MST, or PG-SGA tools) and calculating individualized fluid and energy/protein requirements are important in managing cancer patients.
- Treatment goals should minimize negative impacts on health and maximizing the patient's overall nutritional parameters.
- Various specific nutrition interventions are present, from managing specific side effects (such as anorexia, nausea/vomiting, mucositis) to addressing cancer cachexia (and related treatment).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics, types, and mechanisms of cancer. This quiz covers key concepts such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and the phases of carcinogenesis. Perfect for students or anyone interested in understanding cancer biology.
