Cancer Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of proto-oncogenes in cellular function?

They inhibit the cell cycle.

They initiate DNA repair mechanisms.

They promote cellular apoptosis.

They regulate normal cell growth and division. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a chemical agent in the etiology of cancer?

Dietary ingredients

Certain drugs

Radiation exposure (correct)

Cigarette smoke

In the context of carcinogenesis, what occurs during the promotion phase?

Abnormal genes express after repeated exposure to carcinogens. (correct)

Cells enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

The cell undergoes apoptosis.

DNA is irreversibly altered by carcinogens.

Which of the following cells is classified as a permanent cell and does not typically undergo division?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of cancer spread?

Lymphatic spread Signup and view all the answers

What are stable cells characterized by in the cell cycle?

Entering G0 phase and may be activated under certain conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anti-oncogenes in cellular processes?

To suppress cell division. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary habits is associated with an increased risk of cancer?

High-fat diet Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor marker is associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

CA 19-9 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the T-N-M staging system in cancer assessment?

To assess tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Which grading scale represents low-grade cancer?

Grade 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of cancer treatment mentioned?

Gene therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of palliative surgery in cancer treatment?

Relieve symptoms and improve quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle modification might be included in cancer nursing management?

Incorporating regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor marker is primarily linked to bladder cancer?

BTA (Bladder Tumor Antigen) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of surgery aimed specifically at removing tumors?

Cryosurgery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tumor markers is associated with breast cancer?

CA 15-3 / CA 27.29 Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most definitive method for cancer diagnosis?

Biopsy Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is primarily responsible for killing tumor cells directly?

T cell System/Cellular Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a marker indicating tissue damage and is used for various cancers?

LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor marker is associated with ovarian cancer?

CA 125 Signup and view all the answers

NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase) is a tumor marker specifically associated with which type of cancer?

Small cell lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about phagocytic cells in cancer is true?

They help in destroying cancer cells through engulfment. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is primarily indicated by the tumor marker CA 19-9?

Pancreatic cancer Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oncology Nursing

Oncology is a branch of medicine focusing on the study, detection, treatment, and management of cancer and neoplasia.
Neoplasia refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
"Root words" associated with neoplasia include:
- Neo- new
- Plasia- growth
- Plasm- substance
- Trophy- size
- +Oma- tumor
- Statis- location
- A- none
- Ana- lack
- Hyper- excessive
- Meta- change
- Dys- bad, deranged
Neoplasia can be classified as:
- Benign
- Malignant
- Borderline
Benign tumors are characterized by:
- Well-differentiated cells (similar to normal cells)
- Slow growth
- Encapsulated (well-defined borders)
- Non-invasive
- Do not metastasize
Malignant tumors are characterized by:
- Undifferentiated cells (different from normal cells)
- Erratic and uncontrolled growth (cancer cells are fast-growing)
- Expansive and invasive growth
- Secrete abnormal proteins (tumor markers)
- Metastasize
Proliferative patterns include:
- Anaplasia: cells lacking normal characteristics and differing in shape and organization.
- Dysplasia: bizarre cell growth, differences in size, shape, or arrangement from normal tissue.
- Metaplasia: conversion of one type of mature cell into another.

Cancer Types and Classifications

Carcinoma: Cancer of epithelial cells. Examples include Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, and Squamous cell Carcinoma
Sarcoma: Cancer of connective tissue. Examples include: Fibrosarcoma, Myosarcoma, and Angio Sarcoma
Other types: including Tumors with suffix "OMA" like HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA, and melanOMA, and THREE germ layers like "TERATOMA"; and also those that are Non-neoplastic but "OMA" such as Choristoma and Hamatoma
Classification: Different naming systems and categories for tumors, including parenchyma, organ or cell; pattern and structure; and embryonic origin (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm).
Cancer Grading: The degree of differentiation (how closely the tumor cells resemble normal cells). Grades range from low (Grade 1) to high (Grade 4).
Cancer Staging: Uses the TNM staging system to classify the extent of the cancer based on tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).

Cancer Spread

Lymphatic spread: The most common method, tumor emboli travel through interstitial fluid to lymph and then lymph nodes.
Hematogenous spread: Tumor cells travel through the bloodstream, often causing metastases in the liver and lungs.
Direct spread: Tumors can spread by invading nearby tissues. Cancer can also spread by seeding of tumors.

Cancer Diagnosis

Biopsy: The most definitive method for diagnosing cancer.
Imaging techniques: CT and MRI scans used to visualize tumors.
Tumor markers: Substances secreted by tumors that can be measured in blood or other fluids; examples such as CEA, LDH.

Cancer of the Brain and CNS

Risk factors: Radiation, Nitrosamines (cured foods), Gene alteration.
Classification: I-IV, based on the degree of differentiation (e.g., well-differentiated to highly malignant).
Common primary brain tumors: Gliomas, Meningiomas, Nerve sheath, Pituitary tumors.
Specific Glioma types: Astrocytomas (pilocytic, Grade II, anaplastic, Grade IV - Glioblastoma multiform), Oligodendrogliomas, Mixed gliomas (oligoastrocytoma), and Ependymomas.
Specific tumor qualities: Some tumors are common in pediatric cases, are slow growing, curable in certain cases or not, and some have very different locations.
Other sites of brain tumors: Brain stem gliomas, cerebellar, ventricular
Diagnosis: CT scans, MRIs including MRA and MRS (spectroscopy).
Metabolic testing: Testing for specific metabolites like choline, lactate, and NAA which are used in advanced diagnosis of some tumors
Treatment modalities: Radiation therapy (RT) and Chemotherapy.
- Stereotactic biopsy
- Brachytherapy
- Radiosensitizers
- Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Cancer Management

Surgical treatments: local excision, wide excision, salvage surgery, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, laser surgery, prophylactic surgery, palliative surgery, reconstructive surgery
- Types of breast cancer surgery: radical mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, lumpectomy, quadrantectomy
- Types of colon cancer surgery: resection, anastomosis, colostomy
Medical Treatments: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplant.
Nursing interventions:
- Pre-operative care: protein, calorie, and residue diet, information about post-op care and stoma care, administering of medications.
- Post-operative care: monitoring for complications of cx, stoma care, assess wound dressings and for bleeding, ambulation assistance, nutritional teaching, splinting for incision and pain meds, management of post-operative complications

Body Defense Against Cancer

T cell system (cellular immunity): Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells.
B cell system (humoral immunity): B cells produce antibodies.
Phagocytic cells: Macrophages engulf cancer cell debris.

General Cancer Nursing Management

Lifestyle modification: Encourage healthy lifestyle choices.
Nutritional management: Provide appropriate nutrition.
Screening: Utilize methods to detect possible early stage cancers.
Early detection: Encourage early detection for better prognosis.

ACS Warning Signs

CAUTION: Change in bowel/bladder habits; A sore that does not heal; Unusual bleeding; Thickening or lump; Indigestion; Obvious change in warts; Nagging cough; Unexplained anemia; Sudden weight loss
Other warning signs: Weight loss, frequent infection, skin problems, pain, hair loss, fatigue, disturbance in body image/depression

Chemotherapy Toxicity

GIT: Vomiting, due to the following: -Stimulation of autonomic pathways -Stimulation of vestibular pathways -Cognitive stimulation -Combination of pathways -Drugs used include: serotonin blockers, ondansetron, plasil, phenothiazines, sedatives, histamine, steroids
Renal: damage due to rapid tumor lysis and subsequent uric acid excretion
Other: hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia
Cardiopulmonary: Daunorubicin/doxorubicin 550 mg, which causes cardiac toxicity, that often leads to CHF
Neurologic: Vincristine causing peripheral neuropathy
Reproductive: Chemotherapy can lead to sterility

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Description

Test your knowledge on cancer biology with this quiz covering proto-oncogenes, anti-oncogenes, and various factors influencing carcinogenesis. Explore the roles of different cells in the cell cycle and examine cancer treatment methods and staging systems. Ideal for students studying oncology or related fields.