Cancer Statistics and Overview

<p>A constant fraction of cancer cells is destroyed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can also damage normal cells in the process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of growth control due to mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germ-line mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can metastasize (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5% to 10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutated genes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inherited genetic alterations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spread of cancer to distant sites in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M - mitosis (C), S - synthesis phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased leukocyte production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Present when the drug is first administered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alopecia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells are in G0 phase and not dividing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation of the tumor cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developmental abnormalities in a fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired wound healing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate the rate of cell division and proliferation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote uncontrolled cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telomerase prevents the shortening of telomeres, allowing unlimited cell divisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stimulating uncontrolled cell division and proliferation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metalloproteinases degrade the extracellular matrix, facilitating invasion and metastasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RB1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genes that regulate cell division and differentiation; may become oncogenes when mutated.

Mutated proto-oncogenes that are permanently activated, causing uncontrolled cell division.

Growth factors, their receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors, and apoptosis regulators that can become oncogenic.

Normal genes that regulate cell division, repair DNA, and trigger apoptosis; their dysfunction can lead to cancer.

A well-known tumor suppressor gene that regulates the cell cycle and prevents tumor formation by triggering apoptosis.

Steps in cancer progression: uncontrolled proliferation, dedifferentiation, invasiveness, and metastasis.

Processes like breaking down the extracellular matrix and promoting blood vessel growth that contribute to cancer invasiveness.

The process by which solid tumors grow blood vessels when they exceed 2 mm3 to cope with low oxygen levels.

A group of more than 100 diseases developing over time, affecting body tissues.

Both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to cancer development.

Cancer develops due to uncontrolled cell growth from mutations in cell cycle genes.

Solid tumors versus hematological cancers like leukemia; benign versus malignant.

Genetic changes leading to cancer; types include point mutations, amplification, translocation.

Gene changes from a parent, present in all cells; 5% to 10% of cancers.

Mutations from environmental influences, not passed to offspring; also called somatic mutations.

An abnormal growth of tissue, which can be benign or malignant.

Medications that kill cancer cells by disrupting their growth and division.

The process where a cell divides, exponentially increasing the cell count.

The amount of a drug needed to effectively kill a certain percentage of cancer cells.

A tumor that develops without noticeable symptoms until it reaches an advanced stage.

The phases of a cell's life cycle include G0, G1, S, G2, and M.

Chemotherapy drugs mainly target rapidly dividing cells.

A reduction in bone marrow activity leading to decreased white blood cells.

Chemotherapy can cause hair loss, impaired healing, and sterility.

Tumors contain different compartments such as dividing, resting, and non-dividing cells.

Resistant cells present before the chemotherapy treatment begins.

Resistance that develops during therapy due to adaptation or mutation of tumor cells.

Various biological processes through which cancer cells resist chemotherapy.