Cancer Staging Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a common neurologic symptom of overhydration?

  • Fever
  • Numbness
  • Increased reflexes
  • Confusion (correct)

    • Which symptom indicates a cardiovascular response to overhydration?

  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Hypotension
  • Tachycardia (correct)
  • Decreased heart rate

    • What is the primary buffer system in extracellular fluid that helps maintain pH balance?

  • Hemoglobin buffer system
  • Protein buffer system
  • Phosphate buffer system
  • Bicarbonate buffer system (correct)

    • Which condition is characterized by increased HCO3- levels?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a laboratory finding indicative of overhydration?

    <p>Decreased hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism adjusts the breathing rate to influence CO2 levels?

    <p>Respiratory compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with pulmonary congestion in overhydration?

    <p>Tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which acid-base disorder are elevated PCO2 levels involved?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immunoglobulin produced during the primary immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primary hypertension characterized by?

    <p>Consistently high blood pressure without an identifiable cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the secondary immune response compared to the primary immune response?

    <p>Shorter lag phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin type is mainly involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood pressure is affected by blood vessel diameter?

    <p>Vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic hypertension lead to in blood vessels?

    <p>Damage to the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of memory B cells?

    <p>They rapidly differentiate into plasma cells upon re-exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left ventricle in the heart's blood flow pathway?

    <p>To pump oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism characterizes Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Activation of complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to vascular resistance?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for peak antibody levels to be reached during a secondary immune response?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cardiac output relate to blood pressure?

    <p>It's the product of heart rate and stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in antibody testing?

    <p>Diagnose infections and assess immune status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the lag phase during the primary immune response?

    <p>4-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is arteriosclerosis?

    <p>Hardening of blood vessels due to chronic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pulmonary valve in the heart?

    <p>To control blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of positive feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Acceleration of a process until a specific outcome is achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes aerobic respiration?

    <p>Uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a control center in homeostasis?

    <p>Process incoming information and determine a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of oxygen, which process follows glycolysis in anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?

    <p>Water and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

    <p>Aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glycolysis is true?

    <p>It converts glucose into pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular injury is characterized by irreversible damage due to severe stressors?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of stenosis affecting heart valves?

    <p>Blood backing up into previous chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

    <p>Stroke volume x Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle occur within a cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of valve disorder does blood flow backward due to improper closure of the valve?

    <p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of aortic stenosis?

    <p>Congenital anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical symptom is often associated with impaired cardiac function?

    <p>Chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemodynamic parameter refers to the volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myocardial infarction is commonly known as what condition?

    <p>Heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is NOT typically associated with pulmonary edema?

    <p>Jugular venous distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does orthopnea refer to in the context of left heart failure?

    <p>Difficulty breathing while lying down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of systolic heart failure?

    <p>Ventricular ejection fraction decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may lead to congestive heart failure (CHF)?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical feature of CHF?

    <p>Dependent pitting edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with right heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is most critical for assessing systolic dysfunction?

    <p>S3 gallop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of heart failure related to sleep?

    <p>Dyspnea at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cancer Staging

    • Overview: Cancer staging is a critical process that determines the extent of cancer in the body, including tumor size, invasion depth, and spread to other regions. Accurate staging informs treatment decisions and helps predict patient prognosis.
    • Staging Criteria: Evaluates tumor size, local invasion, and metastasis. Involves assessment of primary tumor characteristics and regional lymph node involvement.
    • Stage Definitions:
      • Stage 1: Tumor confined to its organ of origin.
      • Stage 2: Tumor is locally invasive but has not spread to regional structures.
      • Stage 3: Tumor has advanced to regional structures (e.g., lymph nodes).
      • Stage 4: Tumor has metastasized to distant sites in the body.
    • Prognosis: Staging significantly influences prognosis; earlier stages generally correlate with better outcomes. Treatment options vary based on stage, impacting survival rates and quality of life. Surgical margins must be adequate to ensure complete removal of the tumor for effective treatment.

    Tumor Classification

    • Overview: Tumor classification categorizes tumors based on their characteristics, origin, and behavior. It distinguishes between benign and malignant tumors, which differ in growth patterns, invasiveness, differentiation, and potential for metastasis.
    • Benign Tumors: Named according to the tissue of origin with the suffix "-oma." Examples: Lipoma (fat), Leiomyoma (smooth muscle).
      • Characteristics: Slow growth, well-defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated, low mitotic index, does not metastasize.
    • Malignant Tumors:
      • Types include: Carcinomas (malignant epithelial tumors), Example: Adenocarcinoma (ducts or glands), Sarcomas (malignant connective tissue tumors).

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    Related Documents

    Cancer Staging and Classification PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential process of cancer staging, which determines the extent of cancer in the body. Understand the criteria for staging, including tumor size and regional spread, along with stage definitions and their implications on prognosis and treatment options.

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