Cancer Staging Overview

A feedback mechanism that enhances or speeds up a process until a specific outcome is reached.

Part of a feedback system that detects changes in the environment (stimuli).

Processes information from the receptor and determines the appropriate response.

Carries out the response to restore homeostasis, regulated by feedback.

Cellular respiration that uses oxygen, producing more ATP.

Cellular respiration without oxygen, producing fewer ATP.

First step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; breaks down glucose.

Second step of aerobic respiration; produces energy using acetyl-CoA.

Changes in consciousness level, confusion, headache, seizures, pulmonary congestion, bounding pulse, increased blood pressure, JVD, S3 heart sound, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, and dependent pitting edema.

Maintaining blood pH within a 7.35-7.45 range through respiratory and renal mechanisms.

Primary buffer in extracellular fluid balancing carbonic acid and bicarbonate.

Acid-base imbalance caused by decreased bicarbonate levels.

Acid-base imbalance caused by increased bicarbonate levels.

Acid-base imbalance caused by elevated carbon dioxide levels.

Acid-base imbalance caused by decreased carbon dioxide levels.

Normal blood pH should be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.

Thickness of blood, affecting its flow.

High blood pressure, consistently.

High blood pressure with no known cause.

The route blood takes through the heart and body.

Valve controlling blood flow between the right atrium and ventricle.

Valve controlling blood flow from left ventricle to aorta.

Damage to blood vessels from high blood pressure.

Heart valves between atria and ventricles.

Heart valves between ventricles and major arteries.

Blood flow from left heart to body and back to right heart.

Blood flow from right heart to lungs and back to left heart.

Narrowing of heart valve opening, hindering blood flow.

Incompetent heart valve, allowing backward blood flow.

Factors influencing blood flow and pressure in circulation.

The immune response after the first exposure to an antigen, characterized by a delay in antibody production and primarily IgM production.

The immune response after subsequent exposure to the same antigen, characterized by a faster response, higher IgG levels, and higher antibody affinity.

B cells produced during the primary response that quickly differentiate into plasma cells upon re-exposure to an antigen, leading to a faster secondary response.

A process used to measure specific immunoglobulin levels, like IgG and IgM, to diagnose infections and assess the immune system's function.

A rapid, overreactive immune response triggered by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells, causing release of inflammatory mediators. Often called 'allergic reactions'.

A cytotoxic immune response where antibodies (IgM/IgG) target and destroy cells by activating complement, leading to cell damage.

Glycoproteins produced by plasma cells and crucial for immune responses. Major classes include IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each with specific roles.

An immunoglobulin that plays a significant role in the primary immune response. It is one of the first antibody types produced upon antigen exposure.

Symptoms of fluid buildup in the lungs, including pale/cyanotic skin, severe shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing (often frothy/bloody), crackling lung sounds, clammy skin, anxiety, rapid heart rate, and variable blood pressure.

Symptoms of left heart failure include shortness of breath, trouble breathing while lying down, coughing up frothy mucus, and pulmonary (lung) congestion.

Symptoms of right heart failure include swollen neck veins, enlarged liver/spleen, and swelling in the legs (peripheral edema).

A condition where the heart can't pump enough blood, leading to low cardiac output. It's always caused by another condition like a heart attack or high blood pressure.

A type of heart failure where the heart's pumping ability is reduced due to factors like high blood pressure, reduced muscle strength, or structural problems.

Heart sounds provide important clues about the heart's function during different phases of the heartbeat (systole and diastole) and help evaluate heart failure or related conditions.

The percentage of blood pumped out of the heart's ventricles with each beat. A low EF indicates reduced pumping efficiency.