Laryngeal Cancer Staging T3 and T4

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Which high-risk criterion for thyroid cancer is based on age?

Female gender above 51 years (correct)

History of radiation exposure

Presence of lymph node involvement

Male gender above 60 years

What is a common feature of thyroid nodules that exhibit a high risk for malignancy when detected during ultrasonography?

Papillary formation

Presence of a halo sign

Hypervascularity

Microcalcification (correct)

In differentiated thyroid cancer, which type accounts for approximately 85% of cases?

Hurthle

Follicular

Anaplastic

Papillary (correct)

When is the Sistrunk procedure considered adequate for a thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma?

Size of the tumor being small Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of palpable thyroid nodules are estimated to be malignant?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of undifferentiated thyroid cancer?

Anaplastic morphology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration for operability in a patient?

The patient's general condition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an unresectable tumor?

A tumor that infiltrates vital structures such as the skull base Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'Resectability' in surgical treatment?

It refers to the tumor's ability to be completely removed Signup and view all the answers

A patient with SCC and distant metastasis is considered:

Inoperable but locally resectable Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a structure that if involved, would render a tumor unresectable?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of resection in surgical treatment?

To remove the tumor with a 1cm safe margin Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a T4a tumor from a T3 tumor in the larynx?

Invasion through the thyroid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor classification is defined by extension to the supraglottis and/or subglottis with impaired vocal cord mobility, specifically for the glottis tumor?

T2 Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a T4a tumor from a T4b tumor in the glottis?

Invasion of prevertebral space Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor classification denotes a tumor limited to one vocal cord with normal mobility in the glottis?

T1a Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor classification is characterized by involvement of both vocal cords with normal mobility in the glottis?

T1b Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of T4b tumors of the subglottis?

Invasion of prevertebral space Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensitivity of SPECT/CT in the evaluation of ectopic parathyroid adenomas?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality is more helpful for lesions greater than 1.5 cm?

PET/CT Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly used criteria for successful parathyroidectomy using intra-op PTH assessment?

A drop > 50% in PTH level 10 minutes after adenoma removal Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of intact PTH, as used in intra-op PTH assessment?

2-4 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of intra-op PTH assessment in parathyroidectomy?

Avoids unnecessary exploration of multiple glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the disadvantage of intra-op PTH assessment in parathyroidectomy?

High rate of false positive results Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Hungry Bones Syndrome?

Chronic increase in bone resorption induced by high PTH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of severe hypocalcemia?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT used to monitor patients after parathyroid surgery?

Blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

When should a patient be discharged without calcium supplements after parathyroid surgery?

Post-op PTH is greater than 16 pg/mL and sequential calcium levels are stable or demonstrate an upward trend Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of early hypocalcemia?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of transient postoperative hypocalcemia?

Mild degree of bone disease Signup and view all the answers