Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of screening for cancer?
What is the primary purpose of screening for cancer?
A sign is a subjective indication of a disease as perceived by the examiner.
A sign is a subjective indication of a disease as perceived by the examiner.
False (B)
What does C.A.U.T.I.O.N. stand for in the context of cancer symptoms?
What does C.A.U.T.I.O.N. stand for in the context of cancer symptoms?
This acronym is used by the American Cancer Society to help remember the warning signs of cancer.
________ is the identification of a disease or condition.
________ is the identification of a disease or condition.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with lung cancer diagnosis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with lung cancer diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Colorectal cancer screening in the UK is available for individuals aged 50-74.
Colorectal cancer screening in the UK is available for individuals aged 50-74.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method used for staging lung cancer?
What is the primary method used for staging lung cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
The national bowel cancer screening programme sends kits to individuals every ___ years.
The national bowel cancer screening programme sends kits to individuals every ___ years.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following cancer diagnoses with their respective primary tests:
Match the following cancer diagnoses with their respective primary tests:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential early warning sign of cancer?
Which of the following is a potential early warning sign of cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
A biopsy is only performed to remove an entire tumor for diagnosis.
A biopsy is only performed to remove an entire tumor for diagnosis.
Signup and view all the answers
What are tumor markers used for in diagnostic tests?
What are tumor markers used for in diagnostic tests?
Signup and view all the answers
During a physical examination, the method that involves feeling different areas of the body is called ______.
During a physical examination, the method that involves feeling different areas of the body is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following diagnostic tests with their descriptions:
Match the following diagnostic tests with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes the purpose of staging in cancer diagnosis?
Which statement correctly describes the purpose of staging in cancer diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Self-examinations are not recommended for detecting breast cancer.
Self-examinations are not recommended for detecting breast cancer.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of a sentinel node biopsy in cancer diagnosis?
What is the role of a sentinel node biopsy in cancer diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a lower grade of differentiation in tumor cells generally indicate?
What does a lower grade of differentiation in tumor cells generally indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Prostate cancer screening is widely available in the UK.
Prostate cancer screening is widely available in the UK.
Signup and view all the answers
What grading system is used for prostate cancer?
What grading system is used for prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Females aged between 50 and 71 are invited for a screening mammogram every _____ years.
Females aged between 50 and 71 are invited for a screening mammogram every _____ years.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of cancer with their respective screening information:
Match the following types of cancer with their respective screening information:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the TNM system in cancer diagnosis?
What is the purpose of the TNM system in cancer diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Hormone status is assessed through imaging techniques for breast cancer.
Hormone status is assessed through imaging techniques for breast cancer.
Signup and view all the answers
What are two common methods to diagnose breast cancer?
What are two common methods to diagnose breast cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a way cancers spread?
Which of the following is NOT a way cancers spread?
Signup and view all the answers
Stage IV cancer indicates the cancer has only spread to lymph nodes.
Stage IV cancer indicates the cancer has only spread to lymph nodes.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the 'T' in TNM staging stand for?
What does the 'T' in TNM staging stand for?
Signup and view all the answers
The first stage of cancer is known as ______.
The first stage of cancer is known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the T staging with its description:
Match the T staging with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following indicates evidence of distant metastases?
Which of the following indicates evidence of distant metastases?
Signup and view all the answers
A pathology report can provide confirmation of tumour size and growth into other tissues.
A pathology report can provide confirmation of tumour size and growth into other tissues.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the abbreviation UICC stand for?
What does the abbreviation UICC stand for?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Staging, Grading, and Clinical Investigations
- The presentation is about staging, grading, and clinical investigations for various cancers.
- The learning outcomes include understanding the diagnostic stage of the patient pathway for common cancers, exploring the role of cancer programs, appreciating the range of diagnostic tools, understanding how prompt diagnosis impacts prognosis, and understanding staging and grading mechanisms.
- Prevention involves strategies and measures that stop cancer from developing, while screening involves checks for disease before symptoms appear.
- UK screening programs include bowel cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer.
- There is no national screening program for prostate cancer in the UK, though PSA tests can be requested by men over 50 after discussion with a GP.
- Lung health checks, including CT of the chest, are offered to high-risk patients in England and Wales.
Detection and Diagnosis
- Signs are objective findings perceived by an examiner; symptoms are subjective findings perceived by the patient.
- Identifying a disease, or condition, is called diagnosis.
Patient Interview
- Patient interviews help establish events leading to the symptoms, including a medical history review and review of familial history.
Possible Symptoms (C.A.U.T.I.O.N)
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore or ulcer that doesn't heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in a mole or wart
- Nagging cough or hoarseness of voice
Self-Examination
- Breast cancer self-examination
- Self-exam of the testicles
Physical Examination
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Vital signs
Diagnostic Tests - Lab Studies
- Normal FBC Levels: Data provided for adult men and women.
- Urine tests
- Stool samples
- Sputum samples
- Blood tests for tumor markers (PSA, AFP, BTA, BRCA1 and BRCA2, CA15, CA125)
- Other common tumor markers
Diagnostic Tests - Imaging
- Nuclear Medicine
- Plain X-rays
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Diagnostic Ultrasound
Biopsy
- Histological evidence is crucial in cancer diagnosis.
- Types of biopsies include incisional, excisional, fine needle aspiration, and core needle biopsy.
Cancer Diagnosis Pathway
- The pathway for cancer diagnosis from an interview, examination, diagnostic tests, to biopsy then a diagnosis
From Diagnosis to Staging
- Further imaging may be required for accurate staging after diagnosis.
- Staging establishes the extent of the disease.
- Staging helps with treatment plan determination, prognosis assessments, and evaluation and exchange of information between cancer centers.
Staging Investigations
- Sentinel node biopsy (determining cancer cell presence in lymph nodes)
- Medical imaging (bone scans, PET, CT, MRI) to identify spread location
- Bone marrow aspiration for biopsy and examination
- Pathology report confirming tumor size and growth into other tissues.
How Do Cancers Spread?
- Direct invasion
- Ductal infiltration
- Blood-borne spread
- Lymphatic spread
- CNS spread
- Transcoelomic spread
Staging: Numerical System
- Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ) – early cancer confined to the layer it began.
- Stages I, II, and III (higher numbers show greater tumor size or spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes)
- Stage IV – cancer spread to another organ
Staging Systems: TNM
- TNM staging (Tumor, Nodes, Metastases) - endorsed by UICC and AJCC.
TNM Staging: Tumor
- To = no primary tumor
- Tis = Carcinoma in situ
- T1 - Relatively small primary tumor
- T2 - Relatively large primary tumor
- T3 - Primary tumor invading neighboring structures
- T4 - large primary tumor, extensive spread
- Tx - inability to determine extent of primary tumor
TNM Staging: Nodes
- NO = no palpable lymph nodes
- N1 = movable lymph nodes on same side as primary tumor
- N2 = movable nodes on opposite side as primary tumor
- N3 = fixed nodes anywhere in the body
- Nx = unable to assess status
TNM Staging: Metastases
- MO = no distant metastasis
- M1 = distant metastasis present
- MX = unable to determine distant metastasis
Grading Tumors
- Histological grade is determined to create the treatment plan.
- Histological grade refers to cell differentiation (how similar the cancer cells are to normal cells)
- The closer tumor cells resemble normal cells= better, less aggressive prognosis
- Grading is determined, and can't be assessed (grade GX)
- G1 = well-differentiated
- G2 = moderately differentiated
- G3= poorly differentiated
- G4 = undifferentiated
Gleason Grading
- Specifically used for grading prostate cancers
- Gleason scores 6 (group 1), 7 (group 2 and 3), 8 (group 4), 9 or 10 (group 5) reflect different cell appearance and likely growth rates
Practical Examples
- Breast Cancer Screening: NHS breast cancer screening for women aged 50-71, every 3 years.
- Includes mammograms
- Breast Cancer Diagnosis: patient interview, physical exam, mammogram, ultrasound, MRI (in younger patients), FNA/core/excisional biopsy, diagnosis/grade results
- Breast Cancer Staging: TNM system used; lab tests (hormone status, FBC, liver function), imaging (CT chest, CT abdomen, bone scan)
- Prostate Cancer Screening: no reliable screening in UK but men aged 50+ can discuss PSA tests with a GP. Digital rectal exam is also an option.
- Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: patient interview, physical exam (rectal exam), lab tests (PSA), transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy, diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, grading.
- Prostate Cancer Staging: TNM system, lab tests (FBC), imaging (MRI pelvis, CT pelvis/abdomen, bone scan, PET, transrectal ultrasound).
- Lung Cancer Screening: targeted screening soon to be offered; people 55-74 who smoke or have smoked may be invited; lung health check to offer CT of the chest for high risk patients.
- Lung Cancer Diagnosis: patient interview, physical exam, lab tests (sputum cytology, spirometry), imaging (x-ray, CT, bronchoscopy, biopsy (CT/guided FNA/bronchoscopy biopsy; Diagnosis: SCLC, NSCLC), grading.
- Lung Cancer Staging: TNM system, lab tests (FBC, LDH, alkaline phosphate), medical imaging (MRI brain, CT/MRI abdomen, PET).
- Colorectal Cancer Screening: national bowel cancer screening program available in UK; those 60-74 receive a kit every 2 years, possible expansion to 50-59 soon
- Includes stool sample analysis
- Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis: patient interview (rectal bleeding), physical exam (digital rectal, pelvic exam), lab tests (stool sample), colonoscopy, biopsy, diagnosis (adenocarcinoma), grading.
- Colorectal Cancer Staging: TNM system; lab tests (FBC, liver function test, CEA); imaging (chest x-ray, CT/MRI pelvis, PET/CT)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on cancer screening and diagnosis with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key terms, symptoms, and methods for identifying different types of cancers. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of cancer-related concepts.
